74 NEW-YORK FAUNA. 
In the summer of 1840, we traversed those almost interminable forests on the highlands 
separating the sources of the Hudson and the St. Lawrence, and included in Hamilton, Her- 
kimer anda part of Essex counties. In the course of our journey we saw several beaver 
signs, as they are termed by the hunters. ‘The Beaver has been so much harassed in this 
State, that it has ceased making dams, and contents itself with making large excavations in 
the banks of streams. Within the past year, (1841,) they have been seen on Indian and 
Cedar rivers, and at Paskungameh or Tupper’s lake; and although they are not numerous, 
yet they are still found in scattered families in the northern part of Hamilton, the southern 
part of St. Lawrence and the western part of Essex counties. Through the considerate 
attention of Mr. A. McIntyre, those yet existing in the southern part of Franklin county are 
carefully preserved from the avidity of the hunter, and there probably the last of the species 
in the Atlantic States will be found. We noticed the remains of an old and large beaver dam 
at the outlet of Lake Fourth in Herkimer county, but it is now nearly covered up by the 
drift sand from the lake. 
The Beaver exercises great ingenuity in the construction of its dwelling ; but this ingenuity 
has been much exaggerated, and perhaps no animal has served for the foundation of so many 
fables. The instinct of self-preservation is doubtless very strong, and its sagacity is such, 
that were it not for the signs near its abode made evident by the stout twigs and trees gnawed 
and cut down, it would never be discovered. Whenever these chips are noted, the wary 
hunter proceeds to examine the bank, in order to detect at what particular spot the beaver 
takes to the water. The castor bags of the beaver, or barkstone, as it is termed by the hun- 
ters, is then rubbed on twigs near the spot, and a common steel trap is so placed under the 
water as to spring when the animal dives against it. 
The Beaver is strictly a nocturnal animal, and is exceedingly active in its movements. It 
advances on land bya series of successive leaps of ten or twelve feet, in which it is powerfully 
assisted by its tail, which it brings down with a resounding noise. It brings forth from two 
to four at a birth. It feeds chiefly upon the roots of aquatic plants, and the bark of soft- 
wooded trees, such as the birch, poplar, willow and alder. We have been assured by hunters 
that they also feed on fish; and for this, their aquatic abodes and habits would appear well 
adapted. It may be, that in the selection of their dwellings, they design to protect themselves 
against carnivorous animals. 
The geographical range of the Beaver, now so much restricted, once extended from the 
sixty-eighth to the thirtieth parallel. In the United States, its southern boundary does not 
extend beyond the districts already mentioned in the State of New-York. 
It has been attempted to separate the Beaver of Europe and America into two species. We 
coincide entirely with Cuvier, who made the most scrupulous comparisons, and was unable to 
ascertain the existence of any specific differences. 
