422 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
The family comprises about 55 genera and some 450 species, chiefly 
inhabiting the shores of warm regions. All of them are valued as food. 
They are known by a great variety of names, many of them being varia- 
tions of the Greek zdypos, which becomes Pargus, Pargo, Porgie, Pogy, 
ete. The names Snapper and Grunt are also applied to many species. 
The group is closely related to the Serranide on the one hand, the genus 
Xenistius being very close to the Serranoid genus Auhlia; on the other 
hand, Scorpis, Kyphosus, etc., approach the Chetodontida. 
The material on which the present paper is based is primarily that 
contained in the collection of the University of Indiana. All the ma- 
terial in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy has also been examined, 
and much of that in the United States National Museum, as well as the 
collections of the Leland Stanford Junior University. <A large share 
of the material in the British Museum and in the Museum at Paris has 
also been carefully compared. 
The work of preparing this review was begun in 1888, but the junior 
author having been called away from Bloomington its completion was 
deferred. Later, increased executive duties on the part of both au- 
thors rendered its completion difficult, and it has been thought best to 
publish it in its present unfinished condition rather than to wait for a 
time of leisure sufficient for its completion. It is hoped that it may 
serve as a basis for further study in the important group of which it 
treats. In several of the genera a detailed synonymy of the species is 
not attempted, only an outline being given. For purposes of compari- 
son, the European genera are included, and a list of European species 
in each genus is appended. The names of genera not found in America 
are inclosed in brackets in the following analysis. 
The Sparide of America and Europe seem to fall naturally into 
twelve well-marked subfamilies, which may be thus compared: 
ANALYSIS OF SUBFAMILIES OF SPARID_E. 
I, Carnivorous species; intestinal canal of moderate length; teeth in the jaws not 
all incisor-like; vertebrie usually 10-+-15. 
a, Spines of premaxillary not extending to the occiput; the mouth moderately 
protractile. 
b. Vomer with teeth. 
ec. Teeth in jaws unequal, some of them more or less canine-like. (No distinct * 
tubercles from the cranium for the articulation of the epipharyn- 
geal bones; enlarged apophyses for the articulation of palatine 
and preorbital bones; anterior four vertebrie without parapo- 
physes; maxillary long, formed essentially as in the Serranida.) 
d. Nostrils remote from each other; the anterior tubular, near the end of the 
snout; vomerine teeth coarse, molar; teeth in jaws large, the 
lateral teeth molar; (skull as in Lutjanine).. HOPLOPAGRIN#, I. 
dd. Nostrils near together, placed just before eye, the anterior not tubular; 
vomerine teeth villiform, the patch A, 4, or () shaped; teeth in 
jaws all acute; no incisors or molars.......-.-. LUTJANIN&, II. 
*See Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1884, 351. 
