SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 423 
cc. Teeth in jaws very small, equal; vomerine teeth minute, in a ()-shaped 
patch; dorsal fin deeply divided; skull with the temporal crest 
very low, running straight forward to the supraorbital ridge. 
XENICHTHYIN#, IIT. 
bb. Vomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless. 
d, Teeth on sides of jaws not molar; maxillaries formed essentially as in the 
Serranidae. 
é. Teeth subequal, or those of the outer series more or less enlarged; no 
strong canines; preopercle more or less serrate, rarely entire; 
air bladder not constricted. ..-.-.-..-.......- HZMULINE, IV. 
ee. Teeth very unequal, one or both jaws with strong canines; preopercle 
entire; dorsal, continuons.......- 2.2.5. -..-2.-... DENTICINA, V. 
dd. Teeth on sides of jaws molar; maxillaries peculiar in form and in artic- 
ulation, unlike those of the Serranida. 
f. Anterior teeth conical, or else more or less incisor-like; preopercle 
entire; dorsal fin continuous; preorbital broad...Sparin”, VI. 
Jf. Anterior teeth as wellas lateral teeth molar-like; preopercle dentic- 
ulate; dorsal fin divided into two; preorbital narrow. 
Boripun2, VII. 
aa. Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth 
is excessively protractile, as in the genus Gerres; teethin jaws 
small or wanting; vomer with minute teeth or none; dorsal fin 
continuous or deeply notched; preorbital narrow; preopercle 
If. Herbivorous species; intestinal canal elongate; anterior teeth in jaws incisor- 
like; no molars or canines; premaxillaries moderately pro- 
tractile. 
g. Lower rays of pectorals branched like the upper; air bladder 
usually with two long horns; vertebra 24 to 27; dorsal spines, 
10 to 14. 
h. Pyloric ceca few; teeth fixed; vertical fins not scaly; no teeth 
OUPVOMET sto crictet aimee ace ees ft ota feetoats ABE OnEE SCATHARINA, IX. 
hh. Pyloric ceca very numerous. 
i. Soft part of dorsal and anal fins naked or partly scaled; head 
more or less naked; teeth in broad bands, all freely movable, 
MONO LONEVOMIGRE: Feviag Sebi ea Fetes on aL GIRELLIN#, X. 
ii. Soft parts of vertical fins closely scaly; teeth more or less 
fixed, usually present on vomer ..........-.... KYPHOSIN®, XI. 
gg. Lower rays of pectorals simple; vertebr in increased number 
(about 34); dorsal fin long; the anterior part with 15 to 17 spines, 
the posterior with 18 to 20 soft rays; anterior teeth incisor- 
like; vomer with or without teeth; scales very small; pyloric 
COB CR ONDA a ora aos Se tio pete Ces e a: APLODACTYLINE, XII. 
Of these subfamilies, the Hoplopagrine, Xenichthyine, and Boridiine, 
are exclusively American. The Denticinw and Scatharine are contined 
to the Old World. 
