430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
Subfamily XI.—KYPImosiINnak. 
(Herbivorous Sparidw, with incisor-like teeth in the jaws, no molar 
teeth, and with the soft rays of vertical fins densely scaly ; 
intestinal canal long with many pyloric coca.) 
Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small scales; similar scales envel- 
oping soft parts of vertical fins and more or less encroaching on the head ; mouth 
small, with the anterior teeth more or less incisor-like; no molars; villiform teeth on 
palatines and usually on yomer and tongue; preorbital narrow. Intestinal canal 
very long, with numerous pyloric cwea. 
Herbivorous shore fishes, chiefly of the Pacific Ocean. 
a. Top of head as far back as posterior margin of eyes naked; incisor teeth narrow, 
equal, rounded, with no smaller teeth behind them; no teeth on 
vomer or tongue; spinous dorsal much longer than soft dorsal; soft 
anal higher and shorter than soft dorsal.....-.---- HERMOSILLA, 42. 
aa. Top of head as well as sides and jaws closely scaled; broad bands of teeth 
behind the incisors; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; 
dorsal spines low; incisor teeth lanceolate. 
b. Incisor teeth strong, with horizontal, backward-projecting roots; soft dorsal 
andsanal nob elevated) joe. -aiae= sees ee aie KypuHosus, 43. 
bb. Incisor teeth very narrow, without evident roots. 
c. Anal fin short, 32 in length of body, its rays ur, 19; dorsal spines gradually 
increasing in height to the sixth, then decreasing backward; soft 
dorsal and anal not faleate; preopercle slightly serrate; teeth nar- 
row but evidently compressed .-...-....-..---.---- Meprauuna, 44. 
cc.. Anal fin long, 24 in length of body, its rays about m1, 25; dorsal spines 
graduated, increasing in height to the last; soft dorsal and anal not 
faleate; teeth cylindrical (?)-......-.------ ae is eres CESIOSOMA, 45. 
Subfamily XII.—APLODACTYLINA. 
(Herbivorous Sparide, with the vertebrae and dorsal rays in increased 
number, the lower pectoral rays simple, not branched; jaws 
with flat incisor teeth in front, and no molar teeth; the fins 
separate. ) 
Body oblong, compressed, with very small scales; cheeks and opercles scaly; 
mouth small, little protractile; jaws with one or more series of flat incisors, which 
are usually 3 to 5 cuspid; a band of small cardiform teeth behind these in the 
upper jaw; teeth sometimes present on the vomer; opercles unarmed; cheek and 
opercles scaly; six lower rays of pectoral simple; dorsal fins separate, both very 
long, the first of 15 to 18 spines, the second of 18 to 21 soft rays; anal fin short; 
vertical fins scaly at base; intestines long, with 2 to 4 pyloric ceca; vertebra in 
increased number (said to be 16+18—34 in Aplodactylus arctidens). 
Species few, inhabiting the South Temperate zone of the Pacific Ocean, the 
increased number of vertebre apparently according with their dwelling in cooler 
waters. The species are referred to a single genus, which resembles Girella in the 
form of the head and in dentition, but differs in the technical characters mentioned 
above. 
a. Pectoral with 6 simple rays; dorsal spines 15 to 17..---.--- APLODACTYLUS, 46, 
