SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 431 
Subfamily I—HOPLOPAGRINZ. 
I. HOPLOPAGRUS. 
Hoplopagrus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 253 ( Giintheri). 
Type: Hoplopagrus giintheri Gill. 
Etymology: ¢ziov, singular of ézAa, arms, armor; zdypos, porgy. 
One species of this remarkable generic type is known. With a close 
resemblance in nearly all respects to L. caxis, and other ordinary 
LTutjani, it strikingly differs in the structure of the nostrils and in the 
dentition from all other fishes of this type. 
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF HOPLOPAGRUS. 
a. Rody oblong-ovate, short, deep, and compressed, the back arched, tae body ab- 
ruptly contracted to the base of the short caudal peduncle ; anterior profile slightly 
and evenly convex. Snout rather long and pointed, its length 2! in head; mouth 
small, the maxillary scarcely reaching to front of orbit, its length 2? to 3 in 
head; teeth in jaws arranged as in the Lutjani, but coarse and blunt, the lat- 
eral teeth of both jaws rounded and molar-like, more blunt in large examples; 
upper jaw with about 2 coarse, rather long canines; vomer with about 8 to 5 
coarse molar teeth; palatines and tongue toothless; lower jaw rather weak, 
included; anterior nostril at the extreme front of the snout, close to the premax- 
illary, in the extremity of a barbel-like tube which hangs down above the mouth 
and is nearly as long as the eye; posterior nostril a rather long and narrow 
oblique slit, near the front of the eye; eye small, near the middle of the length 
of the head, 44 in head (young); interorbital space rather broad and convex, its 
width 44 in head; preorbital broad, its least width 34 to 44 in head; vertical 
limb of preopercle oblique, sharply serrate, the teeth rather fine above, coarse 
at the angle: emargination of preopercle sharp and deep, more conspicuous than 
in most species of Lutjanus, the knob of interopercle conspicuous; gill-rakers 
few and short, about 7 developed on lower part of anterior arch, besides sev- 
eral rudiments; opercle without spinous projections; scapular seale serrate. 
Temporal crest of skull very short, coalescing with the orbital rim. Scales 
rather small, regularly arranged, those above lateral line in series which are 
throughout parallel with the lateral line; those below in horizontal series; tem- 
poral region with a band of one or two series of large scales; cheeks with about 
Txows of scales; top of headnaked. Dorsal spines rather low and strong, the 
fin somewhat deeply emarginate; soft dorsal high, angular, and pointed in out- 
line, the last ray not two-fifths the height of the middle ones, which are 2 in 
head; caudal short, feebly Innate, the upper lobe 1} in head; anal high and 
pointed, the middle rays reaching base of candal, a little more than half length 
of head; anal spines strong, the second longer and stronger than third, 23 in 
head; pectoral long, 3in body; ventral 1}. Color olive brown, body with about 
six rather conspicuous narrow whitish crossbands, extending a little obliquely 
backward, and broadest below, irregular in nnmber and width; a round, dusky 
blotch near base of last rays of soft dorsal; fins mostly dusky olive, the pectorals 
pale, ventrals and anal darkest; top of head with some small dark spots. Head, 
22in length; depth, 2;, D.x,14; A. u1,9. Scales 6-47-16...... ..GUNTHERI, 1, 
