SPAROID FISHES OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. 515 
XXIV. SPARUS. 
( . . . > Or 
|Sparus Artedi, Genera Piscium, 1738, 35 (awrata, etc.). 
| : : a s 
|Sparus Linnzeus, Syst. Natura, ed. x, 1758, 277 (aurata, ete.), restricted to aurata by 
Bleeker, Gill, and various authors. 
Pagrus Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 272 (argenteus = pagrus). 
Aurata Risso, Europe Mérid., 111, 356, 1826 (awrata). 
Chrysophrys Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 11, 1829 (aurata). 
Chrysoblephus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., 11, 1839, 221 (gibbiceps). 
Argyrops Swainson, I. c. (spinifer). 
Pagrichthys Bleeker, Nederl. Ind, Nat. Tijdschr., xx1, 60, 1860. 
Type: Sparus aurata L. 
Etymology: ozdpos, sparus, an old name of some fish of this genus. 
This is a large genus, chiefly represented in the waters of the Old 
World, and comprising a considerable variety of forms. The species 
have been commonly distributed in two genera: Pagrus with the molar 
teeth in two series, and Sparus (Chrysophrys) with the molars in three 
or more. This character has not much importance, and Steindachner 
has proposed to substitute for it the following: 
Sparus: Teeth behind the canines, with the apex rounded, granu- 
lated, or globose; molars in two or more series. 
Pagrus: Teeth behind the canines acute, subulate or setaceous; 
molars in two or more series. . 
Although in general appearance Sparus aurata and Sparus pagrus 
differ considerably, and also considerably from other aberrant species, 
as S. gibbiceps and S. spinifer, there is no important difference in the 
skull or skeleton, and we place all in one genus. To this genus Pagel- 
lus is very closely allied. 
But one species of Sparus is yet known from America. In Europe 
are found: 
§ SPARUS. 
108. SPARUS AURATA (L.). Southern Europe north to England. 
109. SPARUS CA:RULEOSTICTUS Cuv. & Val. Northwest coast of 
Africa (lately obtained in Sicily by Prof. Doderlein). 
§ PAGRUS. 
110. SPARUS PAGRUS L. Southern Europe north to England; common 
also along the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. 
111. SPARUS EHRENBERGI (Cuv. & Val.). Mediterranean Sea; rare. 
112. SPARUS BERTHELOTI (Valenciennes). Western Mediterranean 
and neighboring islands, 
