XXXir _ ADMINISTRATIVE KKPUBT [eth. ann. 20 



Finally, animals are useful to man for food, shelter, elothing-, 

 and other pur])oses. 



Thus, tribal man utilizes all of these kinds or natural sub- 

 stances, for which he especially develops the industries of 

 quarrying- (the simpler stage of mining) and agriculture for 

 the production of natural plant products and natural animal 

 products. Ti-ibal man uses natiu-al substances developed by 

 natural chemistry; civilized man not only uses the natural 

 substances, but he produces innumerable artificial substances 

 by artificial chemistry. 



The production of kinds or substances, whether natural or 

 artificial, leads to the distinction which we are trying to make 

 of the class of industries which we call fundamental industries. 

 They are those in which men engage for the purpose of pro- 

 ducing substances, whether they be natural or artificial. Fun- 

 damental industries ma}' well be called substantial industries 

 because they produce substances. 



All industries are productive industries, and the product is 

 consumed. Production is thus the correlative of consumption, 

 and correlation must be distinguished from reciprocality and 

 from antithesis. Reciprocality is a relation as of a whole to 

 the parts of which it is composed; antithesis is a distinction 

 as between good and evil; correlation is a relation between 

 terms neither one of which can be expunged alone. 



We must make a distinction between ])roduciug kinds and 

 producing forms. A man may produce apples by cultivation; 

 he then produces a kind; when he produces cider from the 

 apple he produces another kind or substance. A man may 

 produce a flint h\ quarrying it, or he may produce it even by 

 picking it uji; he then produces a kind of rock; but when he 

 makes the flint into a knife, he produces a form. 



In tracing a series of transmutations from material to 

 product, we may always reach a stage where the material is 

 finally consumed or used. To use an unfannliar but very 

 useful term, borrowed from metaphvsic, we may say that an 

 entelechy is ultimately reached. The entelechy is the final 

 end had in view by the exercise of an activity. 



In tracing material through its transmutations from its 



