powELi.) TECHNOLOGY XXXV 



stitute the environment of mankind. All human industries are 

 therefore included in the consideration of the s(_)urees of the 

 substances which men produce. 



Hence, when we classify the substances of the environment 

 in these live groups, we classify them in coordinate groups 

 from the consideration of the environment of man, though we 

 may afterward subclassify every one of these groups. We 

 are not classifying substances into fundamental classes, but we 

 are classifying the substances used by man into fundamental 

 classes, and the subclassification will still include onW the 

 substances used by man. 



Man is a denizen of the air; he lives on that ])oi-tion of the 

 surface of the lithosphere which is called dry land, where the 

 watery envelope is vapor. Thus he is directly connected iu 

 his environment with the three spheres and utilizes them for 

 his purposes. Man is not content with the natural products 

 of the lithosphere, but he seeks to improve them. He is not 

 content with the natural products of the hydrosphere, but he 

 seeks to improve the water by purifying it or by charging it 

 witli other substances. He is not content to drink like the 

 beast from the pool or the stream, but he seeks to bring- the 

 water to himself in the most convenient and best manner in 

 which to enjoy it. Man is not even content with breathing 

 the atmosphere, but he seeks to procure it in its puritv, so he 

 ventilates his habitation and otherwise secures the p-reatest 

 purity. Man is not content with the plants as they are fur- 

 nished by nature, so lie improves them by cultivation and 

 multiplies those which are iiseful to him and destroys those 

 which are useless or injurious. Man is not content Avith the 

 animals, so he improves them by zooculture and he destroys 

 the useless and the injurious. 



To designate those industries in which men engage for the 

 purpose of ])roducing kinds or substances, we need a technical 

 term which will distinguish them from all other industries; for 

 this purpose I use the word substantiation, which must here 

 mean the artificial jjroduction of substances for human welfare. 

 I have sought long and far for the best temi. I may not have 

 chosen wisely, but I have chosen with all the wisdom of whicli 



