POWELL] TECHNOLOGY XXXVII 



meanings; this is a fundamental requirement. Tlie failure to 

 observe this law opens the door to idle and vain speculation. 

 We may find an illustration of what is meant by kind in ordi- 

 nary enumeration and in the devices which men liave invented 

 to represent numbers. We liave ten units as a sum; the ten 

 units constitute but one ten, twenty units constituting two 

 tens, and a hundred units constituting ten tens. The ninety- 

 ninth is but one of the units of a hundred ; it is but one in the 

 last unit of the second order which coiastitutes the hundred. 

 Counting is fundamentally determination of kind ; and count- 

 ing, like classification, is first determining a kind and then 

 seriating the kind to obtain the class. I wish to count the 

 horses in the field, and I must first distinguish the horses from 

 all other kinds in the field and then enumerate them. This is 

 counting. But if I distinguish the kind of horse and include 

 them all as horses, I thus include all of this kind in nature. 

 The diiference between counting and classifying exists solely 

 in the nature of the series which we consider. I invariably 

 use kind in this sense and in no other. 



Form signifies figure and structure, and implies the relative 

 position of the parts which make up the whole. This distinc- 

 tion which I make between kind and form must be held pei'- 

 manently. You must not fall into the habit of confusing the 

 terms as is done in common speech. In science we must use 

 form to mean one thing and kind to mean another, and unless 

 we adhere to this it is impossible to make scientific advance. 

 Every man loves to use words as his neighbors use them, for 

 speech is but a convention, and unless the convention is under- 

 stood by others it is an unknown tongue; but no man lias a 

 right to demand of another that he use his words with the 

 same meanings as himself if the other defines his meanings, 

 and still less has he the right to demand that another should 

 use a word with many meanings and thus obscure his 

 language. 



]\Ian produces the clay when he digs up the kind of clay, 

 or he may produce the kind of clay by mixing ingredients; 

 but when he molds the clay into a brick he determines the 

 form. He may mold the clay into a vessel; then also he 

 determines tlie form in wliich it is useful. 



