POWELL) TECHNOLOGY LI 



of remedial medicine. In every early society there is used a 

 word which has the significance of "priest" as well as "doctor." 

 The word "shaman" has come to be used as the representative 

 of such words. We have already seen how esthetology was 

 emancipated from religion. We must now set forth how medi- 

 cine was emancipated from religion, for in the earlier stages of 

 culture, when the opinions of mankind were mostly supersti- 

 tions, religion essayed to control all human activities, and the 

 priest was the dictator in every field of life; especially was 

 it true of all those tribal and national organizations in whicli 

 the head of the ecclesiastical body was also the head of the 

 political body, and thus church and state were one. How this 

 state of affairs originated we can not here set forth in any ade- 

 quate manner, but we are compelled to refer to it in treating 

 of the subject of medicine, and to make a brief characterization 

 of the nature of early remedies. 



Here we must set forth the doctrine of what I shall call 

 imputation. Imputation is the practice of erroneous attribution, 

 as of effects to wrong causes ; for example, when I impute the 

 pain which I feel in my head to a spell A\'hich has been wrought 

 upon me by a witch. A superstition is an opinion which a 

 man may hold by reason of imputation. 



Now, we are briefly to consider how this practice originated. 

 Savage men always impute mind, or organized consciousness, 

 to inanimate things, such as plants, rocks, the phenomena of 

 water, and phenomena of the atmosphere. They also impute 

 mind to the heavenly bodies, which they suppose to be bodies 

 in the tent of the sky, which to them is the great wigwam of 

 this world. If the savage strikes his foot against a rock and 

 seriously wounds himself, he does not attribute the accident to 

 his own carelessness, but he imputes it to the rock itself, as 

 being designed by the rock in order to injure him. Thus 

 motives are assigned to all inanimate things, and events are 

 believed by him to be brought about by others (animate or 

 inanimate) which in fact are due to his own activity. This is 

 the fundamental phase of imputation. 



Then tribal men believe that mind, which is a property of 

 animal bodies, is a property of all bodies, and that this prop- 



