LXVI ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. ann. 20 



that they are org-anized; if we affirm that they constitute an 

 organization, we imply that they are incorporated. The 

 same body of men constitute an incorporation if we consider 

 tlie purpose of solidarity, or they constitute an organization if 

 we consider the purpose of division of labor. 



The body of a man is incor})orated as a body: but the body 

 itself is differentiated or specialized into organs, as the term is 

 used in physical science ; or its parts exhibit division of labor, 

 as the term is used in social science. Thus three terms are 

 used in the sciences to express the same concept — difterentia- 

 tion, specialization, and division of labor. In treating of 

 sociology it would be V)etter to use the term specialization of 

 labor rather than division of labor, and the term integration of 

 labor rather than solidarity of labor. 



We must now show the distinction which must be made 

 between social incorporation and organization and physical 

 incorporation and organization In man tlie many organs are 

 incorporated into one body by mechanical or physical Ijouds. 

 The man is composed of actually coherent parts, but a society 

 is com])osed of individuals who do n< )t physically cohere. They 

 may be together at one moment but apart at another, and mem- 

 bers of the social corporation may wander about at will, inde- 

 pendent of one another; they cohere only in purpose; that is, 

 they have a common purpose, which is that for which the body 

 politic is incorporated. There is thus coherence in purpose, 

 but not coherence iu mechanical structure. Purpose is some- 

 thing which exists only in the mind. We may therefore say 

 that sobial bodies are ideally incorporated, while natural bodies 

 are physically incorporated. 



Having noted that incorporation is integration, and that dif- 

 ferentiation is specialization of parts, we have to note further 

 that this organization and specialization is accomplished to con- 

 trol the conduct of the members of the incorporation in relation 

 to the jjurposes for which the society is organized. This con- 

 trol of the conduct is control of the activities of the membei's; 

 the control of the activities is the control of the motility 

 of the members in coming together and in speaking at their 

 deliberations, but the control of their motility is effected by 



