FOwELi] SOCIOLOGY LXXIX 



reuiaiiis still dependent in old age. Passing- beyond tlie 

 primordial principles of welfare, we still find the individual 

 dependent upon others for his pleasure; Ave still iind him 

 dejDendent upon others for his language, for no man has ever 

 invented a language, and the language used by one man would 

 be the language of a fool. For his opinions every man is 

 indebted to others. None of the opinions of mankind could 

 exist to-day without culture, and culture implies that human 

 knowledge is derived chiefly from others and that language 

 is necessary thereto. 



The act of a man to seek his own interests regardless of the 

 interests of others is a crime. In specialized society men must 

 seek their own interests by promoting the interests of others. 

 This is the law of political economy by which wealth is pro- 

 duced. Self-interest may blind men's eyes to their true rela- 

 tions to others in relation to property. The brutal self-seeking 

 which is inherited must b}- some agency be thwarted, else 

 others suffer and hence self suffers. Then, the passions of 

 men blind their eyes, and their passions must be controlled. 



By common agreement rules or laws for the government 

 of conduct are established, and these established rules are 

 enforced ultimately by punitive sanctions. As punitive sanc- 

 tions become more and more certain, the resort to such sanc- 

 tions becomes less and less necessary if some method is devised 

 by which the contending parties may have their cases adjudged. 

 This leads to the organization of government. Government 

 is a scheme for providing an organization of the body politic 

 which will lead to the settlement of disputes, with power to 

 enforce judgment by punitive measures. 



Civics is the science of government. Government is organ- 

 ized to promote and establish justice. There are five elements 

 of justice, no one of which can be neglected if any other is 

 secured, and at the same time justice is maintained. These 

 elements are peace, equity, equality, liberty, and charity. 



Peace. The fundamental principle of justice is peace, and 

 primeval governments are organized to secure peace. There 

 can be no pleasure without peace, and infractions of peace 

 produce the most intense pain. 



