e 



LXXXII ADMINISTKATIVE REPORT [kth. ann.20 



bodies — a senate and a house of representatives. The house 

 of representatives is directly representative of the people Ly 

 their votes; hut the senate is representative of the peojjle in 

 the second degree — it is representative of state legislatures 

 which are representative of the people of the state. 



lve})resentative government requires a coinparativeh' high 

 degree of intelligence. Experience proves that uncivilized 

 people can not proj)erly understand the nature^ of representativ 

 government and can not successfully take part in such govern- 

 ment with equality of vote, for thev desire to vote upon all 

 measures themselves rather than for representatives to devise 

 measures; they would retiu-u to tlie savage council rather than 

 submit to the judgments of the representative assembly. In the 

 history' of the United States we have been confronted with this 

 difficulty in the management of the savage and barbaric tribes 

 who were found as indigenes. It has l^een found im]jossil)le to 

 induce them to abandon tribal government and to take jiart in 

 national government by representation. As they claimed the 

 land hj hereditary possession, and as civilized man claimed 

 the right to use the lands for purposes and l)y methods which 

 civilization demands, a conflict speedily arose between the 

 aboriofinal inhabitants and the ariiviny thousands from oriental 

 lands. This conflict has contiimed to the j)resent time. 



( )ther nations having representatiAe governments rule over 

 subordinate peoples, who are not }'et competent to take part in 

 representative government, by the method of imperialism, as it 

 has come to be called. In such , cases the subordinate j)eo[)les 

 are governed by rulers appointed by the central government, 

 and the people are permitted to rule themselves by tribal gov- 

 ernment, subject only to the central authority. The wavs in 

 which this is worked out in practical affairs are very dlNerse. 



Libert ji. Tribal inen having discovered somethino- of tlie 

 principles of peace, equity, and equalitv, soon lear ' a.ii addi- 

 tional principle necessary to tueir establishment: tins is the 

 principle of liberty. EverA* man in the council who becomes 

 the judge of the conduct of his neighbor must liave liberty 

 to express his judgment, whatevei- may lie the judgnu^nt of 

 other's. When tlie couucil considers (pu^stions ot coiiimou 



