r'"VEi.i.l SOCIOLOGY LXXXIII 



action, such as the removal of the viUage, or a hunting or a 

 fishing enterprise, everyone must have a vote in determining 

 action, for all must take part in the enter})rise. The hum- 

 blest man in the tribe must have libertv to exjjress his jii'lg- 

 ment and must not be subject to the dictation of other men; 

 hence, liberty is recognized even in {n'imeval societv as essen- 

 tial to Justice. 



The lil)erty which men claim in tri))al societv is liberty of 

 personal activity and the denial that such activity can justly 

 be coerced liy others. This remains in all stages of society; 

 but in tribal govennnent it pertains only to the mendjers of 

 the tribe. Alien persons may l)ecome slaves, and their lilier- 

 ties ai-e not held sacred — a subject which Ave will hereafter 

 (•( aisider. 



When the offices of priest and ruler are consolidated, the 

 ruler becomes not only the judge, but he also becomes the ar1n- 

 trary ruler — not as one having authority to execute the judg- 

 ments of a council, but as one having authority to execute 

 his own judgments, for he who can act hv divine right and as 

 the vicar of the deity luust l)e obeyed. 



Charittj. Still in primeval society men learn the nature of 

 charity and incorporate that principle into the concept of 

 judgment. Perhaps the principle of charity has a, more lowly 

 origin than in human society. It is fundamental in all animal 

 life where the parent provides for its offspring. On the 

 bisexual organizatiofi of animals ir receives an additional 

 impulse in the cooperation of male and female and in the 

 sympathy and assistance which thev render each otlie!-. The 

 thn-d i)rinci})le of charity seems to spring up in human society 

 wdien children render assistance to parents in their <dd ao-e. 

 In tribal society these three principles of charitA- are well 

 recognized, and provision is always made in the law of custom 

 which is enforced l)v the tribal council. 



It remained for civilization to add two principles to the con- 

 cept of charity. The first is individnall}' acted on by tribal 

 men, but seems not to be enforced bv legal tribunal. It is the 

 assistance which men render to one another in misfortune. In 

 earK' ci\ilization this took conci-etc form 1)\- the estaldishment 



