LXXXIV ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [kth. ann. 20 



t>t' eliiu'itable agencies, l»y tlie iustitutioii of laws tor tlieir 

 maintenance and support, either by social bodies corporate or 

 Ijv o-overnniental bodies corporate. In that stage of society 

 in \\liich clnu-ch and state were still under one head, while the 

 fusion resulted in the tenijiorary overwhehning of liljertv, it 

 performed a royal deed for mankind by enlarging the concepts 

 of charity. 



The fifth principle of chai'ity is the recognition tliat justice 

 does not require punishment, but only remedy for the past and 

 prevention for the future, and that man mav not mete out 

 vengeance. This is the cniwning element of charit}'. The 

 elements of charitA' may l)e stated as (1) care for the young, 

 (2) assistance to companions, (3) prctvision for the aged, (4) 

 help to the unfortunate, and (.')) mercy to the criminals. We 

 have now developed the conce])ts of justice and luiA'e desig- 

 nated them as peace, equity, eipiality, liberty, and charity. 



T]ie DejxirfDif'iits of (i-overnment 



The (le])artments of government mav' be classified as con- 

 stituti^■e, legislative, ojierative, executive, and judicati^-e. 



Constitutive department. A modern government nuiA' ]ia\e a 

 written constitution which sets forth the plan of go-\ernnient. 

 Other nations have a system of habitual practice, modified 

 from time to time as circumstances seem to demand, which is 

 observed as the common law of the government. 1 wish to 

 use the term constitutive government for one of its dcspart- 

 ments coordinate with the others which I will set forth. I 

 desin^ a term which will signify the manner in which tJie 

 officers of the government in all its departments are selected, 

 chosen, or apjxtinted. 



in lUiun' governments the officers are sucli by hereditary 

 succession. In other governments, as in the United States, 

 the officers are largely elected, though provision is made for 

 aj)2)ointment even of certain important officers, while a large 

 number of minor offices are filled in this manner. The per- 

 sons y\\\o Ikiac the appointing power are persons who are 

 elected to their offices and thus represent the peojjle in their 

 acts of appointment. Here different degrees of representation 

 may be observed. 



