POWEU.I SOCIOLOGY LXXXIX 



these two reasons some things were embodied in tlie Constitu- 

 tion by its founders whicli their successors have deemed it wise 

 to change. Among tliese may perliaps l)e })laced their failure to 

 difil'erentiate the departments of government to such an exten.t 

 as fully to carry out their principle, and the dream of I'epre- 

 sentative government which we find depicted in the writings 

 and speeches of the fathers of the republic has in part failed. 

 But more: At that time the whole scheme of differeutiatiou 

 was liut imperfectlv understood. It may lie that some radical 

 work is needed, 1)ut tlie progress exhibited in tlu; last decade 

 of history gives warrant to tlie opinion that these changes may 

 be made by evolution without revolution. It is now abun- 

 dantly manifest that the government of the republic requires 

 important changes in its constitutive methods, l^hese methods 

 should be revised and tlie constitutive functions fully differ- 

 entiated. On the other hand, the division between operative 

 and executive government requires immediate consideration; 

 their union leads to corruption on the one hand and to injus- 

 tice on the other. It is the opinion of the autlior that the 

 great question in American politics to-day is to complete the 

 differentiation of the departments of government. 



A remark is here necessary. It is needful to discriminate 

 between what I have here called the departments of gov- 

 ernment and the departments as they are known as offices of 

 administration in the national union, as we speak of the Treas- 

 xirA' department, the War department, the Navy department, 

 the Interior department, and the Department of Agriculture. 

 These departments do not correspond to the dejiartments of 

 p'overnment as herein considered. 



Begimentatimi 



Governments are organized into a hierarch}' of bodies. 

 These bodies are units of different orders. The people of the 

 United States, with trivial exceptions which need not here be 

 considered, are naturally constituted of families in which are 

 involved duties and rights one to another. The families of a 

 township or precinct or ward are organized into another body 

 politic. Here we mu.st note that town, precinct, and ward are 



