powEi.i.] S()CIOL()«Y XCI 



eralh' tor their ratiticatioii, in which case tlie constitutional 

 majorit^v, which is more than a phirality. must atfirm. 



We have spoken of the orgsinization of this nation as an 

 example, but all otlu^r civilized nations have a corresponding 

 organization which varies in diiferentiation of functions, but 

 the same hierarchy of units is usually to be observed. In the 

 same manner it is necessarj" to consider that the differentia- 

 tion of the departments of government varies from nation to 

 nation throughout the civilizcMl world, and that the principles 

 of govei'nmeut which we have set forth as peace, equity, 

 equalitv, liberty-, and justice are differently expounded and 

 applied to governmental affairs. 



HiSTORlCS 



Histories is the science which records events of social life 

 and shows the relation existing between social causes and 

 social effects. A mere record of events is usually called annals, 

 and furnishes the data foi- history. Only the history of peo- 

 ples is usually called history, the history of individuals is 

 usually called biography; but as we wish to include history 

 and biographv in the science wdiicli we are to characterize 

 we shall call it histories, meaning that history and biography 

 are included therein. AVe shall divide the periods or stages 

 of social history- into savagery, barbarism, monarch}', and 

 democracy. 



SAVAliERY 



To the ethnologist a savage is a forest dweller. In com- 

 mon conception the savage is a brutal person whose chief 

 delight is in taking scalps. Sometimes the sylvan man is 

 cruel — but even civilized men are sometimes cruel. Savagery 

 is a status of culture to the ethnologist, who recognizes four 

 such stages, of which savagery is the lowest. Some of the 

 Amerindian tribes l)elong to this lowest stage, while others 

 belong to a higher stage which is called barbarism. Wishing 

 to show mv readers how a savage tril;)e is governed, I nnist at 

 the outset a.sk them to consider the savage not as a man of 

 cruelty, but as a man who takes part in a regularly organized 

 government, with laws that are obeyed and enforced. What, 



