XCIV ADMINISTRATIVE RKPORT [kth. ass. 2U 



A clan always has a name, which is called its totem; and 

 the object from- which it is named is in like maimer called its 

 totem. Thus, in the two clans which we have considered, the 

 wolf and the eagle are respectively called the totems of the 

 clan. The totem receives great consideration in savage society. 

 It is usually some beast, bird, or insect, or some important 

 plant, such as the corn or the tobacco; or it may be the wind, 

 the rain, a star, or the sun. The totem of the clan is consid- 

 ered to l)e the progenitor or jirototvpe of tlie clan. The 

 people of the Wolf clan claim to have descended from the 

 wolf; the people of the Eagle clan, from the eagle; the 

 people of the Wind clan, from the wind; and the people of 

 the Sun clan, from the sun. The totem is also the tutelar 

 deity of the clan. 



There grows up about the clan a singular set of rules and 

 observances which are rites on the one hand and prohibitions 

 on the other. The prohibitions are usually called tabus. 

 Thus, the members of the Wolf clan must not kill a wolf, as 

 the killing of the wolf is tabued to the clan; but if they see 

 one they must perform some ceremon\-. The rites and tabus 

 of the totem are universal in this stage of societA*, and are 

 held as sacred obligations. < >ne of these tabus is especially 

 to be noted: A person must not marr-v into his own clan. The 

 tabu ia sacred; and its violation is a hornl)le crime, whicli, in 

 some tribes, is punishable with death. 



An individual is likelv to have as many kindred througli his 

 father as through liis mother: and he is also likely to have as 

 many kindred througli liis wife l)y affinity as through his father 

 and mother l)y consanguinity. All those persons to whom the 

 clansman is related through his father and through his wife, 

 together with all the membei's of his own clan, constitute the 

 tribe. riius in savage societv we have families, clans, and 

 tribes We have still a fourth unit. Two or more tribes may 

 unite to form a confederacy for otfensive or defensive pur] )oses, 

 or for both. When a confederacy is formed, artificial kinship 

 is introduceil: and the tribes which unite agree to consider 

 themselves related. If two tril)es imite. the men of tlie tribes 

 may consider eacli other as elder and \ounger brothers, or as 



