XCVI ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. a.nn. iO 



How, theu, can they carry out this hnv ? Well, tliey have a 

 verv simple device, by which every person in the clan may 

 know that he is older or younger than otlier persons in the 

 clan. Besides the totem name they have kinship names. 

 Thus, there is a name for "father" and another for "son"; 

 and the son always knows that he is younger than the father, 

 and must obey him. Similarl}' the father always knows that 

 he is older than the son, and that lie lias the right to command 

 him. The same is true of mother and daughter. But there 

 mny be two or more brothers; so they have two names foi' 

 "brother," one meaning "elder brother," and the other 

 "younger brother." In the same manner they have" two 

 words for "cousin," one signifying "elder cousin," and the 

 other "voung-er cousin." They have also two words eorre- 

 sponding to "uncle" and "nephew"; but the word meaning 

 "uncle" is always applied to the elder, and the word which 

 means "nephew" is always applied to the one who is younger. 

 Thus in the Ute language there are two words : ain and aitsen. 

 Ain aijjdies to the one who is the elder, whether he be uncle 

 or nephew; and aitsen applies to the younger, whether he be 

 uncle or nephew. 



So long as the tribesmen live together in clans they have a 

 simple method of keeping in memory their relative ages: for 

 the names bv which they address one another always express 

 the difference in age; and it is a law in tribal society that one 

 person nuist address another by a kinshi}) term. He may 

 S2)eak of another by his totem name, or by any other name; 

 Init he nmst address another Ijy his kinshij) name. It is 

 always considered an insult to call another person of the same 

 body of kindred by any name other than his kinship name. 

 A Caucasian boy on the street may c<dl his brother "John," 

 but an Amerind boy in the woods must call his brother by 

 one of the terms Avliich show that he is older or younger than 

 himself 



The oldest man of the clan, having natursd authority, accord- 

 ing to Amex'indian ideas, over all mcndx'i-s of the clan, is their 

 chief; and this is the basis of the patriarchy. A clan is said 

 to have a ])atriarchal government. 



