CVI ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth, ann. 20 



that depend largely for their food on the coming of the salmon 

 from the sea at particular times have ceremonies designed to 

 secure their coming; those that de{)end upon cereals, like wild 

 rice, also have their ceremonies to invoke the aid of ghosts to 

 liring abundant seeds. In arid lands, where vegetation is so 

 dependent upon rain, these ceremonies take the form of invo- 

 cations for rain. Thus in every region of the United States 

 periodical ceremonies are ])erformed to secure harvests and 

 supplies of game. 



Again, human beings are .subject to many diseases which 

 are universally attributed to ghosts. Ceremonies to ghosts are 

 common for the purpose of pro])itiating them or of preventing 

 their malign influences or even of obtaining the aid of some 

 ghosts to defend the people from other ghosts. Societies, or 

 incorporations, as we have called them, but which are often 

 called phratries, or brotherhoods, are first incorporated among 

 men as religious societies on the theory that the good and evil 

 of life are largely dependent upon ghosts. 



In tribal life the head of such a society, if it be a man, is 

 known as father; in some few cases the head may be a 

 woman, when she is known as mother. The childi-en of such 

 a head of a society are known as brothers and sisters, hence 

 among classical peoples the societies were known as phratries. 



These brotherhoods constitute an important element in 

 savage society, and their chiefs have on some occasions quite 

 as much influence as the governmental chiefs. Often the 

 father of the brotherhood and the elder-man of the clan is 

 the same person. When this is the case, authority is doubly 

 established. Ultimately this union eftects a reorganization of 

 the tribe itself, and clans become gentes. How this is accom- 

 plished we must now explain. 



Clans are the bodies corporate for all industrial purposes. 

 Much of the hunting is clan hunting without fii'earms; the 

 wild animals have to be entrapped or captured b}- many devi- 

 ces in which all the members of the clan take part. These 

 clan hunts are important occasions when distant woods, distant 

 valleys, or distant mountains become the theater of operations. 

 Under these circumstances it sometimes happens that the male 



