PowELi] SOCIOLOGY CVII 



members of the clan desire to have their wives with them, but 

 their wives belong- to other elans and have their households 

 with other clans, hence on such hunting excursions the clan 

 organization is to a greater or less extent interrupted, and the 

 women fall under the control of their husbands instead of their 

 brothers and mothers' brothers. This is but a temporary 

 arrangement; but it often occurs when the clans visit some 

 favorite stream or seaside resort to gather and dry fish. By 

 and by agriculture is developed. The cultivation of the 

 soil seems usually to have been iirst developed in the arid 

 lands. Everywhere in America where a primitive tribe has 

 engaged in irrigation for agricultural purposes we tind a tribal 

 village as a central winter homestead, with a number of out- 

 lying villages or rancherias, which are occupied by the several 

 clans during the season of irrigation. 



To imderstand the nature of primitive agricultural industry 

 in America it becomes necessary to take these facts into con- 

 sideration. In every great ruin group in America situated in 

 the arid lands where agriculture was practiced, and also in 

 such humid lands as were cultivated, a central ruin of tlie 

 habitations of the tribe is found with outlying ruins or ran- 

 cherias. When people have thus reached the state of agricul- 

 ture where irrigation is practiced there is still stronger reason 

 why the clansmen should control their wives and children. 

 Irrigation ret^uires the management of the stream \\hich is 

 used to fructify the soil, and irrigation works must be con- 

 structed. The stream must be dammed and the water carried 

 over the land by canals ; this means the construction of works 

 that have a perennial value, and attention to the crops during 

 the season of irrigation as well as that of planting and harvest- 

 ing. One clan on one little stream is separated from the 

 other clans, who also have their streams during the entire 

 season of growing crops, and the clan is thus segregated in a 

 little summer village of its own, and in a distinct village from 

 tliat occupied by the tribe during the remainder of the year. 



Agfain, as animals are domesticated and flocks and herds are 

 acquired, wives and children become still more essential to the 

 prosperity of the men, for the women and children must take 



