Pon'Eii] SOCIOLOGY CIX 



ruled by the gTiiiidfatlier. The geuf* still reiuaius as a group 

 controlled by the patriui-ch or chief who is in fact or by legal 

 fiction the elder-man; but there is a tendency in the gens to 

 break up into a number of households, each one ruled by a 

 real or conventional elder-man. Then comes the phratry, to 

 which are releg-ated many functions. 



AYe must now understand something more about the religion 

 of gentile tribes. In this stage private and public religion are 

 pretty clearly difterentiated. The elder-man of the gens offici- 

 ates as the priest in the domestic worship, but the public wor- 

 ship is conducted in the council chamber, or, as it is usually 

 called in America, the ki\a, which is the place of meeting of a 

 brotherhood or phratry, and the ceremonial worshij) of the 

 people is conducted in this place. Among the Greeks the Idva 

 was called the })rytaneum. Various names are used among 

 the barbaric tribes of America, and various names were used 

 among the barbaric tribes of the Orient. In the upper stages of 

 savagery there is developed a calendar system by which the 

 kiva ceremonies are regulated. The various codices which 

 have been discovered in Central, North, and South America 

 are all of them calendars designed to regulate the ceremonies 

 of tlie kiva. 



The kiva worship is controlled by the phratral unit; that is, 

 by the brotherhood. The place of worship is also the place 

 where the council of the brotherhood is held. Sometimes the 

 council of the tribe is held now at one, now at another, of the 

 kivas. The kiva is the general place fo)' divination where the 

 signs are consulted for the purpose of determining whether 

 enterprises will be successful or not All of the operations of 

 the people and all of the things in which they are most deeply 

 interested are controlled by these cei'emonies held in the kiva. 

 Especially is the weather controlled, for it is here that they 

 pra}' for rain or for the abatement of storm. It is here that 

 the ceremonies are performed which determine the nature of the 

 crops. It is here that health or sickness is found. When the 

 individual is once under the power of a disease the shaman 

 may go to his relief and gather about his sick bed the members 

 of the phratry, who sing, dance, and perform other ceremonies 



