ox ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. ann. 20 



for his recovery. It is in the kivu that trials for witchcraft are 

 held. 



In all 1)arl)aric societies and in many savage societies there 

 is a place for the tribe to assemble. When architecture is 

 developed this is called the temple, but very often it is a mere 

 plaza under the shelter of trees, where special seats are fur- 

 nished for the brotherhoods. Here men are promoted or 

 invested with horns, feathers, or stripes — the investiture is 

 always a time of merrymaking, with a feast and with danc- 

 ing — and here men are deposed. 



Tribal life is chiefly public life. There is little domestic 

 seclusion; often the house is a communal house for the entire 

 clan or gens. Nearly all hunting- is public hunting; nearly all 

 fishing is public fishing; nearh' all gathering- of seeds is public 

 gathering of seeds; nearly all gathering of roots is public 

 gathering of roots; all agriculture is public agriculture, and 

 all herds are public herds. The kiva is the gathering place of 

 the brotherhoods, and here they meet not only for religious 

 ceremony, but to pass the time in conversation or in jest. 

 Here the shamanistic orator entertains the people, and here 

 the men do their weaving and the women their basket work. 

 The kiva is the general place of rendezvous. 



In barbarism, where all the units of regimentation are fully 

 developed, there are families, gentes, tribes, and confederacies, 

 and for every unit there is a system of worship, and the high 

 priest of the unit is the elder-man or chief of the unit; worship 

 is thus specialized. The hearth of the family is the altar of the 

 family. The place of worship of the gens is the kiva or pry- 

 taneum. The kiva of the chief of the tribe is usually the kiva 

 of the tribe. But sometimes the tribe has a special kiva iivde- 

 pendent of those of the gentes and we call it the temple. 



The chief of the confederacy is also the chief of the leading 

 tribe, and the kiva of the tribe may thus become the kiva of the 

 confederacy; usually confederacies only have temples. Thus 

 three places of worshiji may always be recognized in barbaric 

 society. On the hearth-stone worship is performed by obla- 

 tions and other ceremonies, and sometimes with paraphernalia; 

 in the kiva worship is performed with much ceremony and with 



