CXIV ADMINISTRATIVE R?:P()RT [eth. asn. 20 



part of the final change — one of cliang-es on ehang-es in tlie 

 treatment of captives which result at last in clianging family 

 slavery into labor slavery. We will hereafter see how lalior 

 slavery is chang-ed into chattel slavery. 



Walled cities become cities of wealth, because they are cen- 

 ters of esthetic and industrial art. The aggregation of wealth 

 in these cities makes them rich prizes and stimulates war, so 

 that wars are instigated not only by current disagreements, 

 as in savagery and barbarism, but by greed for wealth, which 

 consists in the stores accumulated in cities and in the lal)or of 

 the inhabitants when captured. Vengeance is a powerful 

 motive for war, but greed has greater might. 



When men are gathered into cities, tlie land which they 

 cultivate extends far outside their walls, and the animals which 

 they domesticate are pastured on distant hills. In the stage 

 which we are now discussing, slaves are employed as artisans 

 in the city, and they are also employed as agricultural laborers 

 and herdsmen in tlie country. Their emplojnnent in this man- 

 ner requii-es surveillance lest they escape. To jjrevent their 

 escape and to relieve the constant watchfulness of their mas- 

 ters, it becomes necessary to give them many inducements to 

 remain and labor: this is accomplished by giving them an 

 interest in the soil and an interest in the flocks and herds, and 

 by jjromoting their domestic life. Thus slaves become clients. 

 Sometimes whole tribes are conquered and employed as clients 

 to cultivate their own lands. Thus captives become serfs 

 attached to the soil, and the title to the serfs passes with tlie 

 title to the soil. 



Still the conquering citv may reduce other tribes to vassal- 

 age and require of them annual tri1)ute, Itut permit them to 

 continue in the pursuit of hap])iness aiid welfare by tlieir 

 ancient methods subject only to the collection of tribute. 

 Sometimes the tribute may be in men, and is furnished to the 

 armies of tlie conqueror. 



It is thus in monarchy that various forms of servitude are 

 foimd, as family servants, as clients, as serfs, as vassals, and 

 chattel slavery itself is common. 



In tribal society the integration nt' bodies politic is mainly 



