P""ELL] SOCIOLOGY CXV 



by treaty agreement for otit'ensive and defensive purposes; 

 but iu monarchical society niueli integration is accomplished 

 through conquest, impelled by ambition, l)y which foreign 

 peoples are reduced to subordinate positions. They may be 

 made slaves by the greed for gold, but they may be made 

 subjects by the ambition to rule. Such subject provinces 

 must pay tribute, and usuall}- the tribute-bearing people nmst 

 be suljject to rulers who are themselves subject to the central 

 government, as members of the central aristocratic class. 

 Thus inonarchies are integrated through slavery and jirovin- 

 cial government. 



There is yet another element of the transmutation which we 

 must set forth. This is the consolidation of religious power 

 in the chief of the central city, who is not onlv a king- but is 

 high priest of all the units of the monarchy. In the central 

 city resides the central authority. The central tribe, in which 

 are not included domestic servants, constitutes a distinct body 

 politic with all its hierarchy of units, with its chief ruler who 

 is also high priest, and subordinate rulers who are also subor- 

 dinate priests. The subject pixtvinces are governed by rulers 

 who emanate from the central city. The people of the central 

 city thus constitute an aristocracy to govern the subject jirov- 

 inces. When things are brought to this pass the ])ure mon- 

 archy is developed. It will be seen that the fully fledged 

 monarchy is a stage of society of long growth, but the steps 

 in its growth are very irree'ulai' and often turn back before 

 monarchical society is instituted. 



We have said that the emperor is the high priest of the peo- 

 ple. Fiualh- the high [jriest is iired with the aml)ition to 

 become the high priest of all religions. Then comes the time 

 of persecution for non-conformists, and then comes that cause 

 for war which is nK)St potent — the doctrine that false religions 

 may be eradicated by force. Then comes the profound belief 

 ill the tliaumaturgic doings of the god of aristocracy as mira- 

 cles, and its concomitant belief that the doings of false gods 

 are sorcery. 



8uch are the agencies l)y which tribal society with kinship 

 regimentation is develoi)ed into national society with district 



