POWELL] SOCIOLOGY CXVIl 



armies, and the power whicli inheres in ecclesiastical (h)nunatiou 

 and dignit^•. 



Tliis comparatively small g-ronp of jiersons rule over the 

 people, who are also arranged in a more or less clearh" defined 

 hierarchy of ranks, as freemen, serfs, and slaves. The freemen 

 constitute a middle class, as merchants, artisans, farmers, and 

 soldiers. In this class also there is a tendencv to differentiate 

 the people by their occupation into hereditary groups as guilds, 

 so that the man inherits the occupation of his father. An 

 extreme development of guilds results in the development of 

 caste. In caste intermarriage between groups is forbidden; 

 the higher castes become sacred, while the lower castes are 

 held by the higher castes as unclean, and not onlv is inter- 

 marriage prohibited but many other social functions can not be 

 carried on in common. 



The failure of lineal descendants in the monarchy leads to 

 disputes over the succession, and d3aiasties are often changed. 

 The same thing occurs in the successions which occur in the 

 ranks of the nobles. Sometimes these successions become a 

 matter of interest to the crown, so that the monarch often takes 

 part in determining successions, thus rewarding his friends and 

 punishing his enemies. Throughout the stage of monarchy 

 great armies are organized, and sometimes successful com- 

 manders arise, and such commanders are rapidly promoted into 

 the ranks of the aristocracy. Sometimes successful Avarriors 

 become ambitious even for supreme rule, and they overthrow 

 the reigning dynasty to usurp its wealth, honor, and power. 

 Thus hostile dynasties are produced. 



We have now presented a meager and perhaps inadequate 

 account of that stage of society which we call mouarcln': but 

 the hope is entertained that the characterization has been suffi- 

 cient to make plain how kinship society is transmuted into 

 territorial society, while the priiiciple of kinship with authority 

 and privileges with the elder remains in the governing- g-roups 

 as an aristocratic body. 



