PuwEii] SOCIOLOGY CSTX 



The New World beijame the theater of new enterprise. The 

 discovery gave to science the hope that it might })revail against 

 superstition. Perhaps the tliought that science may be useful 

 to mankind was more potent with boon to man than the 

 enlargement of the theater of industrial enterprise. 



Be this as it may, the New World became the home of repub- 

 lics. The example of these republics has spread the egis of 

 free institutions over nmch of western Europe, and the leaven 

 of freedom woi'ks unrest for all monarchial governments of 

 the world. The principles of representative government may 

 seem to flourish best when republics are founded in due form, 

 but they have an almost equal potency in reforming monarchi- 

 cal governments. Such governments may not formalh' adopt 

 republickism in terms of free institutions, but by a legal fiction 

 tliev may engTaft on the monarchy the substantial principles 

 of republickism, though nominalh' they are governed by an 

 aristocracy with a kingly chief. Formal republickism and 

 virtual republickism seem thus to be competing for universal 

 dominion, though competition may in fact be cooperation. 



The agencies at work to transmute monarchy into repub- 

 lickism may be summarily, though imperfectly, stated in the 

 following manner: 



P^irst, the industries of the world are undergoing transmuta- 

 tion. Inventions inultiply with the scientific thought tliat was 

 born with the discovery of Columbus. Brawn is governed by 

 brain, and brain through brawn govern.s the forces of the 

 world, and thus men are emancipated from toil. Through 

 invention toil is raised to the dignity of industry sweetened 

 with pleasure and rewarded with welfare. 



The invention of machinery and the development of scien- 

 tific processes of production have had potent effect on the 

 reconstitution of society. Handicrafts have been revolution- 

 ized by the introduction of a high degree of intellectual skill, 

 as manual skill is relegated to the operation of machinery to 

 which great precision is given. When manual skill was 

 obtained only by long practice in a restricted number of man- 

 ual operations, it was held to be necessary to serve a long 

 apprenticeship to a trade; but as the machine performs all the 



