CXX ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. ann. 20 



nice mechanical work, tlie artisan turns liis attention to tlie 

 control of the machinery, and to be successful in its mani})u- 

 latiou he must understand the principle of mechanism and the 

 application of powers to the accomplishment of human pur- 

 poses. The skill now required in handicraft is the skill of 

 intelligence supplemented with universal skill in handiwork. 

 It is thus that industry is emancipated from the system of 

 slavery involved in apprenticesliiji, and a new system is rap- 

 idly developing' in whicli childhood and vouth are taught the 

 fundamental elements of all handicrafts in the common schools. 

 Political economists have deplored the inability of laborers to 

 change their occupation, seeing that the introduction of ma- 

 chinery destroys many a special handicraft, and the laliorevs 

 employed therein are compelled to seek employments without 

 the benefits of apprenticeship. The introduction into industry 

 of scientific methods practically makes them all accessible to 

 all men. 



Another change to be noticed is the enlarg-ement of the 

 sphere of commerce. Pi'oduction "may now be carried on in 

 the most economic manner wherever special conditions exist 

 favorable to production; climates mav l)e more thoroughly 

 utilized for the development of special products, and powers 

 may be utilized wherever they are found under the most 

 favorable conditions in nature. The enormous cheapening of 

 products by their narrow specialization and by their multipli- 

 cation through the eff"orts of the few who are the most favor- 

 ably conditioned for the special pi-oduction requires that the 

 producers of large quantities of special goods have their prod- 

 ucts distributed to great numbers of consumers, and thus com- 

 merce is multljdied. For the development of commerce to 

 meet these new conditions inventions are em])loy(Ml, and the 

 highways of commerce are made to ramify throughout the 

 country and throughout tlie world. All of these processes 

 cooperate In the reconstitution of society b}^ specializing 

 industries and integrating them through commerce, and the 

 lesson is taught in everydav life that human success Is best 

 promoted bj' serving others. 



Second, from the primeval state of society up to that state 



