POWELL] SOCIOLOGY CXXiri 



We discover iu nature tliat all kiiowledg-e has its purpose, 

 and that this purpose is its iitilization in affairs of life. All 

 knowledge must be utilized in this manner before it has its 

 final expression which all men may understand, lTni\ersal 

 diffusion of knowledge can come only by its utilization in the 

 affairs of life which interest all mankind. This utilization 

 depends first upon the inventor and second upon the under- 

 taker — the entrepreneur. It is thus that knowledge nmst have 

 a triune leadership in the discoverer, the inventor, and the 

 undertaker, and they must cooperate f(jr the increase and dif- 

 fusion of knowledsfe amono- men; then oulv does knowledgfe 

 receive its final expression which all men may understand. It 

 is within the province of every government to promote eco- 

 nomic policies, and this it must do, either for weal or foi" woe. 

 The leaders of the people must be protected and encouraged — 

 protected from injustice and encouraged by due reward. As 

 their operations have a profound effect upon the progress and 

 welfare of mankind, this ett'ect must be promoted by the estab- 

 lishment of justice to all. The four fundamental laws of eco- 

 nomics for which governments are responsible are these: 

 (1) Reward must be secured to the leaders; (2) protection 

 must be given to leaders; (3) justice must be secured to their 

 followers, and (4) welfare must be secured for all. 



The four maxims of good government require for their 

 ojjeration some method of securing wise and good men to 

 carrv on the government iu all its departments. We have 

 alreadv seen that ancient society selected its leader by the 

 methods of the pure democracy. There came a time when 

 these methods broke down because of the great numbers of 

 persons embraced iu the body politic. Then the world tried 

 a new plan of government by- creating an hereditary aristoc- 

 racy with hereditary kingship. This system also has failed. 

 Now the effort to secure good government as representative 

 government is undergoing trial. The theory of this method 

 of government is fundamentally that of representation by 

 election, but perhaps the principles of repi-esentation are 

 inadequately understood. 



Let us try to formulate these principles. Fundamental or 



