POWELL] SOCIOLOGY CXXV 



been a compendium of names and dates. Since the establish- 

 ment of some of tlie laws of evolution and the overthro.w of the 

 ancient doctrine of degeneracy, a new impetus has been given 

 to history, and now a nuiltitude of men are engaged in scien- 

 tific research, having in view the discover}' of the progress of 

 mankind by revealing the causations involved. For this pur- 

 pose the world is ransacked for the vestiges of human culture 

 in all of the pentalogic departments of the humanities. His- 

 tories as a science is thus disclosing a vast bodv of facts relating 

 to the evolution of pleasures, industries, institutions, languages, 

 and opinions. 



Hitherto we have considered only the nature of institutions, 

 in attempting to set forth the four fundamental stages to be 

 observed in their consideration. The course of history in the 

 evolution of institutions is the best nucleus about which to 

 gather the data of progress in the other departments of history. 

 The sketch we are attempting will not permit of any exhaustive 

 treatment. We must content ourselves with only a bi'ief refer- 

 ence to the evolution of pleasures, industries, languages, and 

 opinions. 



The four stages of esthetic i?.ulture are well represented in 

 the fine arts, which are music, graphics, drama, romance, and 

 poetrv. The course of this evolution we have already set 

 forth to the extent necessary to this argument. We have 

 shown that the stages of development in nuisic are rhythm, 

 melodv, harmony, and symphony. In graphic art they are 

 outlining, relief, perspective, and chiaroscuro. In drama they 

 are dance, sacrifice, ceremony, and histrionic art. In romance 

 they are beast fable, power myth, necromancy, and novels. 

 In poetry they are personification, similitude, allegory, and 

 trope. 



The four stages of industrial culture we have shown to be 

 the hunter stage, the agricultural stage, the artisan stage, and 

 the machinery stage, by setting forth the transmutations which 

 these agencies have produced in society. 



In like manner we shall ]:)riefly revert to four stages of cul- 

 ture in languages, and also in opinions, and shall attempt to 

 correlate .them with savagery, barbarism, monarchy, and 



