CXXVV ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. anx. JO 



republickism. It hardly seems necessary to call attention to 

 the concomitaucy of the five fimdamental elements of culture, 

 but simply to affirm that they are connate and tliat there can 

 be no pleasure without welfare, and no welfare without justice, 

 and no justice without expression, and no expression without 

 opinion. 



Ethics 



There is a fallacv in the reasoning- of ))rimeval man which 

 has produced what has come to be known as the ghost theorv. 

 The notion of consciousness as a reified property independent 

 of the bodv is the first-born of those fallacies which constitute 

 the foundation of metaphysic. Hut primeval man did not dis- 

 criminate consciousness from cognition; so that the fallacy 

 was rather the notion that organized consciousness or mind has 

 existence independent of the body. So mind is reified and 

 given a subtle tenuous body that can enter or depart from the 

 material l)ody. 



To understand tlie origin of this notion we nmst first dis- 

 criminate between inference and cognition, and then realize 

 that cognition is verified inference and that there is no cogni- 

 tion without verification. Then we must understand that 

 inference is the selection of a- concept from memory with 

 which to compare a sense impression. The consciousness of 

 the sense impression and the consciousness of the concept are 

 both attributes of self. Hence inference is the comparing of a 

 psychic ett'ect on self with a psychic memory of an eft'ect on 

 self, to discover whether this cause is like that cause. It thus 

 happens that the self is taken as the standard of comparison in 

 every inference. The objectiA'e world is thus gauged by the 

 subjective world. This doctrine in winch man is taken as 

 the measure of the universe is known in science as anthro|)o- 

 morphism. In the individual it is the interpreting of the 

 objective world bv concepts of self, nnd as men commuuicate 

 concepts to one another in the race it is tlie interpreting of the 

 nonhuman universe in terms of the consciousness of man. 



If we understand the nature of inference and its de])endence 

 on A^erification to l)ecoiue \alid cognition, we are pi'epared to 



