CXLII ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT [eth. ann. 2U 



The expression of sorrow is also found about the corners of 

 the mouth, wliich ih'oop. All the muscles that take part in the 

 expression, and there are many, may be called the nuiscles of 

 grief Those naturalists who are also psychologists explain 

 the origin of weeping in the irritation to which the eyes are 

 subject from smoke, dust, or other foreign particles and from 

 scratches and blows. Primitive man seized upon this natural 

 effect of discomfort to artificially produce weeping in order 

 that he might express grief to others. Thus wee))ing became 

 a linguistic sign, and a linguistic sign is a word in tlie gener- 

 alized meaning of the term. Weeping is expressive of many 

 emotions; hence the word has many meanings. Like all other 

 signs of emotion it may be used in the practice t^f dece})tion. 



Sohhinrj as the expression of desiwir. Sol^bing is caused by 

 sudden or spasmodic inspiration and is accompanied l)y the 

 facial sigfiis of g-rief throuofh the action of the muscles of grief. 

 Habit has made it instinctive, but its true nature as an arti- 

 ficial sign is plainly exhibited when sobbing is simulated. 



Scrcamimi as a sign of commanrj. Screaming is conniion to 

 many of the lower animals, both mannnals and brutes; it 

 seems to be universally used by the young as a cry for help 

 and is thus subject to the will. In the human intant the 

 instinct of screaming is exhibited l)efore that of weeping. It 

 is probable that all generations of human beings and genera- 

 tions of remote prehuman ancestry jn-acticed the art. In the 

 human being it is a cry or command for relief, and is so inter- 

 preted by every mother. Thus a cry has evolved into a word. 



Bodili/ attitude as a sign of anger. The emotion of anger, 

 which is naturally expressed l)y striking, has many concomi- 

 tants. In the infant it is accompanied by kicking and the 

 geneial activity of the body which may be called squirming. 

 This general activity causes a, determination of blood to the 

 head, so that the angry person Ijecomes red. Another accom- 

 paniment of anger is the assumption of an attitude of Ijelliger- 

 ence, when the form is held erect, the hands are clenched as 

 fists, and the arms held akimbo. With the adult, striking 

 and kicking are often inhibited, while there yet remain the 

 attitude and the flushed face. This attitude is a true linguistic 



