POWELL] PHILOLOay CXLIII 



sign and hence a word. Sometimes the anger is expressed by 

 simulated kicks, but usually this expression is one of coutem])t. 

 Among some of the lower races the expression of striking is 

 Avith the hands, for the}' are more accustomed to slapping than 

 to fisticuffs. 



Showing the teeth as a sign of rage. Rage is a more intense 

 anger, and to the sign of anger is added an additional element 

 which is earlier than that sign. Brutes fight mainly with their 

 teeth, and express their anger Ijy showing their teeth, es})e- 

 cialh' their canines; they also express anger by bodily atti- 

 tude, and finally they express it as an artificial sign by erecting 

 the hairs of the body, especially around the head and neck, 

 thus causing a show of great size and strength. There remains 

 Avith the more evolved man the sign-word of exposed teetli, in 

 which the canines especially are displayed, as a haliit inlierited 

 from the brute. It is thus that the more intense anger which 

 we call rage is artificially expressed bv man in an exhibition 

 of the teeth, and perhaps in grinding them together. 



Compressing the lips as a sign of determination. The com- 

 pression of the lips as a word expressing determination or fixed 

 purpose is universal among mankind. In origin it proliably 

 expressed the meaning, "there is no further word to be said." 

 If so, its meaning has g-raduallv changed. With this meanino- 

 it has become habitual and liereditary, so that the expression 

 is made when tlie determination is made, without conscious 

 intent to express this meaning to others; yet it is still used 

 with this intent when we wish to sinudate determination. 



Frotvning as a word of disapproval. Disapproval is expressed 

 by frowning, which as a sign has liecome an artificial word. 

 No word of emotional language is more common or more 

 readily understood, and yet it is not devoid of ambiguity. It 

 is expressed by the eyebrows through tlie corrugator nuiscles. 

 But as these muscles are used in many other signs tliere is an 

 element of uncertainty in its interpretation. 



Many other activities are used for expression. We may 

 mention a few more witliout discussing- their orisin. They are, 

 averting' the head as a word of disdain; shrugging- tlie shoul- 

 ders as a word of doubt, hesitancy, or helplessness; raising tlie 



