POWELL] PHILOLOItY clix 



ency is to produce a liolophrasni Ijy luodifyiug tlie old. As a 

 ling-uistic phenomenon, classification is thus an agency for the 

 development of speech. By classification the same body may 

 have different names. Thns, wliile the same body may have 

 difiPerent names bj- reason of its different properties, it may 

 also have different names by reason of the different classes to 

 which it belongs in the liierarchy of classes. In this manner 

 names are greatl}- nuiltiplied. Again, by evolving culture, 

 things previously unused come to be utilized and are given 

 names whicli also signify their uses, so that names are multiplied 

 b}- utilization. Meanings undergo corresponding evolution; the 

 impulse for different meanings becomes the impulse for differ- 

 ent names. This is general; the purpose gives rise to the 

 expression. 



The confusion which arises from the failure to distinguish 

 consciousness from cognition, or the workings of the mind due 

 to the organizati m of the nervous sj^stem from the substrate of 

 mind as exhibited in all bodies even without organization, led 

 to the theory of ghosts. This theory, which has also been 

 called animism, induced savage men to personify all bodies. 

 The personification in savagery was developed into similitude 

 which is fully evolved in barbarism. In this stage of society 

 a multitude of similitudes are found which in a later stage give 

 rise to allegory, a variety of which is parable, and finally 

 allegory is developed into trope. The meanings of words 

 are multiplied by this agency, for the same word may have 

 different tropic meanings, or, as it is often expressed, Avords 

 may have figurate meanings. The giving of words figurate 

 meanings is founded on the concomitancy of projDerties, and 

 is developed in a multitude of ways all through the course 

 of culture until it appears in the highly developed language 

 as trope. 



Here we may pause to note the fallacies of reasoning which 

 are developed by the figurate meaning of words — fallacies so 

 subtle that, although discovered by the ancient philosophers, 

 who failed not to give their warning, they have yet been the 

 bane of logic exemplified in all metaphysical literature. Form 

 is the Anglo-Saxon term bv which internal structure is desig- 



