rowELL] PHILOLOGY CLXVII 



bers of the sliamanistic society over which he presided were 

 gathered in a kiva or underground assemby hall where mid- 

 nig'ht prayers were made for abundant cro])s. On this occasion 

 the customary altar was arranged with the paraphernalia of 

 worship. Among other things were wooden tablets on which 

 were painted the conventional picture writings for clouds and 

 lig'htnino- below which were the conventional sio-ns for rain- 

 drops, and below the raindrops the conventional signs for 

 growing corn. 



In order more full}" to understand these picture writings we 

 will mention some of the other objects placed on the altar. 

 There were wooden birds painted and placed on perches; 

 there was a ewer of water about which ears of corn were 

 placed; there was a case of jewels — crystals of Cjuartz, frag- 

 ments of turkis, fragments of carneliau, and small garnets; 

 then there was a bowl of honey upon the holy altar. When 

 the shaman prayed he asked that the next harvest might be 

 abundant like the last; he prayed that they might have corn 

 of many colors like the corn upon the altar; he prayed that 

 the corn might lie ripened so as to be hard like the jewels 

 upon the altar; he prayed that the corn might be sweet like 

 the honey upon the altar; he prayed that the corn might be 

 abundant for men and birds, and that the birds might be glad, 

 for the gods love the birds represented upon the altar as he 

 loved men. Then he prayed that clouds would form like the 

 clouds represented upon the altar, and that the clouds would 

 flash lightning like the lightning on the altar, and that the 

 clouds would rain showers like the showers represented on 

 the altar, and that the showers would fall upon tlie growing 

 corn like the corn upon the altar — so that men and birds and 

 all living things would I'ejoice. 



In savagery and in all barbarism such festivals are very 

 common, and much of the time is occupied in worship. In 

 savagery worship is tei'psichorean, and in barbarism it is 

 terpsichorean and sacrificial, and in both stages of society 

 all amusements are religious. So in tribal society all time 

 devoted to amusement is religious. The ceremonial festivals 

 are held in regular order tiirough the seasons from year to 

 year. For this purpose a calendar is devised in weeks and 



