fWEii.] SOPHIULOGY CLXXXIX 



treats of tlie fundamental elements in the fallacies of material- 

 ism and idealism, and the metaphysicians of Ijoth schools nmst 

 reckon with him before again stating their systems. 



The stream of thought is a succession of judgmeuts, and 

 judgments are made of essentials; hence we cognize by essen- 

 tials. Judgments are made instantaneously; hence our judg- 

 ments are infinite, as that term is used in mathematics; they 

 are so multitudinous that we can not enumerate them in statable 

 quantities. Judgments are repeated again and again and thus 

 become habitual, when the objects of judgment are again 

 presented or represented. These abstract judgments nre con- 

 creted or integrated; for when a judgment is made i)f one 

 essential, the others are implicated, posited, or presu})posed; 

 thus judgments become vicarious. If I judge that a body is 

 one I implicate that it has extension, speed, persistence, and 

 consciousness. 



No particle or body can exist without all of its essentials, 

 for they are concomitant. This fact is a refutation not only 

 of materialism and idealism, but of all metaphysical systems." 



In metaphysic qualities are not discriminated from other 

 categories. The same number is few or many from an ideal 

 or an adopted standpoint of consideration. The sands of the 

 lake are many compared with tlie sands of the pond, Ijut the 

 sands of the lake are few when compared with the sands of the 

 sea. The stars of the Milky Way are man^' compared with 

 the stars of Orion, but the stars of the Milky Way are few 

 compared with all the stars of the firmament. So forms are 

 large or small from artificial standpoints. Structures are sim- 

 pie or complex in the same manner. Forces are strong or 

 weak with diff'erent pui-poses in view; times are long for the 

 same reason, and causes are trivial or potent. Judgments are 

 wise or unwise when the view comes, and the wisdom of yes- 

 terday is the folly of to-day. Men liave distinguished but 

 slowly between qualities and other categories, and there lias 

 always been a tendency to explain unknown categories as 

 qualities, for often they have been dwelt upon before their 

 corresponding categories were known. In the ordinary course 



" For the demonstration of the concomitancy of essentials, see my volume Truth and Error. 



