POWELL] SOPHIOLOOY CXCVIl 



printing was invented, through which was developed a new 

 system of instruction wliich has ah-eady become universal in 

 civilized society and whose potency for progress can hardly he 

 underestimated. This new system is publication. Books and 

 periodicals constitute the fourth great agency of instruction. 



RESEARCH 



Research is the potent agency for the development of new 

 opinions. Aristotle is credited with organizing research. 

 Intermittent and feeble research extended from his time on 

 until the epoch of modern civilization. The discovery of 

 America signalizes the beginning of this epoch. Prior to this 

 time research was dangerous; the pi'opogation of new truth 

 was held to be impiety to the gods, old opinions were lield 

 to be sacred, and terrible punisment was the reward of him 

 who taught new truths to the world. Prior to this time 

 even the discoveries in astrononi}' were held by men only in 

 seoret, and the flat earth with a revolving sun was the sacred 

 opinion. When the New World was discovered it was so 

 brilliant an example of the results of the belief in a scientific 

 doctrine that science itself was exalted and the scientific man 

 could hold up his head and walk the earth the peer of all men. 

 Since that time research has been organized in many fields 

 and hosts of men have become votaries to research, and now 

 the fifth great sociologic agent is firmly established among the 

 institutions of civilization. 



We thus have Nurture, Oratory, Education, Publication, 

 and Research as the five g-rand arts of Instruction. 



