HOLMES] IROQUOIAN TOBACCO PIPES 173 



peojjle the iiianuf;ictur(* of cla_y pipes was, no doubt, practiced pari 

 passu with tliat of vase making, but it seems in manj- waj's to lia\e 

 been a distinct and independent art. Pipes were not made of the same 

 varieties of chi}*, or liy the same hands, as were the vases. In all 

 probability clay pipes were the work of men, as were the pipes of 

 stone, while vessel making- was the work of women. That pipe mak- 

 ing was contemporaneous witli vase making is shown bj' the repetition 

 in pipe bowls of the foi'oi and deconvtion of vases, but it is apparent 

 that the former art continued long after the cessation of the potter's 

 art proper, extending down nearly or quite to Revolutionary times 

 in the North, and down to the present day in the South among the 

 Cherokees. In support of the theory of the later use of pipes of 

 native make may be cited the fact that pipes are especially plentiful 

 on the more recent town sites of the New York Indians. Metal pots 

 wei'e supplied plentifully by the earliest traders and colonists, but as 

 smoking and pipe making were indigenous to America, it was prob- 

 ably man}' years before the intruders engaged actively in piiJe manu- 

 facture. It is well known, however, that tobacco i)ipes of European 

 make formed an imj^ortant article of trade in colonial times, and we 

 can not assume in all cases to distinguish the foreign from the native 

 work. 



DISTRIBUTION 



Earthen vessels were made and used by women, and were little sub- 

 ject to transportation bev'ond the permanent settlements, but pipes 

 belonged to the men, and were carried habitually about the. person, 

 thus reaching the farthest limits of the expeditions and forays of the 

 people. They were also readily made on short notice at an}- point 

 where clay could be secured. Since they were used in councils with 

 neighboring- peoples they were thus subject to still wider distribution 

 by friendly or ceremonial exchange. It is observed, however, that 

 the pipes of outlying communities are not wholly typical. The pipes 

 of Komney, West Virginia, and Bainliridge. on the Lower Susque- 

 hanna, resemble somewhat the South Algonquian pipes, and those of 

 the Lake Huron region vary equally from the tj^pes. This is the 

 result, no doubt, of contact with neighboring peoples and the influence 

 of their art forms. 



MATERIAL, COLOR, AND FORM 



In the manufacture of pipes by the Iroquois, fine clay, pure or 

 mixed with very finely comminuted tempering ingredients, was used. 

 Pulverized shell was used at times on the outskirts of the province. 



So far as has been observed, the pipes have not been colored arti- 

 ficially. The vari(»d hues of light and dark yellowish, reddish, and 



