174 ABORIGINAL POTTERY OF EASTERN UNITED STATES [eth.ann -iO 



browiiisli yniys. tho latter .sonictiiiu's approac-hiny Muck, are the result 

 of baking', use. accident, or conditions of burial. 



Th(! simplest pipe form is a straight tube, with large enough open- 

 ing at one end to receive the necessaiy bits of tobacco, and a passage 

 small enough to permit the drawing of smoke without admitting parti- 

 cles of the ashes or leaf. The original forms must have varied with 

 the diverse models at hand, and, if we take the whole country into 

 account, there is considc^rable diversity in form, size, and material. 

 Pipes of stone are nuich more varied in shape than are pipes of clay. 

 The clay pipe of the East and North is based on the plain tube, the 

 prevailing modification lieing the development of the bowl and the 

 addition of a trumpet-like mouth. The tube is not straight, but is 

 bent at the base of the bowl at angles varying from a few degrees to 

 a right angle or even more. 



The bowl was subject to varied and often extraordinary modifica- 

 tion of form. The stem, as a rule, remained a plain tube straight 

 or slightly incurved, often of uniform thickness save at the tip, or 

 swelling gradually toward the elbow oi- curve. Very often the bowl 

 did not begin to expand decidedly at the bend but ])eyond it, some- 

 times at the verjf rim. while in cases the expansion was gradual, the 

 mouth Ix'ing encircled by an inconspicuous band. In cases the lip 

 was somewhat constricted. Description nuist fail to convey a clear 

 and full notion of the varied modifications of this trumpet-shaped 

 pipe, and four plates are introduced to serve this purpose. The bowl 

 was the subject of uuich fanciful modification by the application of 

 life forms, quadrupeds, birds, and men being freely employed. Occa- 

 sionally the full figure of a man was represented, the feet forming 

 the mouthpiece and the bowl opening in the top of the head. In 

 cases animal forms were similarly treated, and serpents were made to 

 coil about the full length of the tube. Generally, however, the 

 upper part of the figure, the head alone, or certain features only 

 were eml)odied in the bowl. Sometimes two creatures, or parts of 

 two creatures, were affixed to one pipe, and a few specimens have 

 been collected in which a number of heads or faces have been com- 

 bined or knotted together in a grotesque cluster covering the whole 

 exterior of the pipe. In very many cases a wolf-like head is modeled 

 so that the mouth forms the bowl, the muzzle of the creature pointing 

 upward, (ienerally when the head is placed on oni; side of the rim it 

 faces the smoker. ))ut pijjes have been observed in which it looks to 

 'one side, or from the smoker. In one case a small face is modeled on 

 the inner surface of the divided lip of the bowl. I have been able to 

 recognize with reasonable certainty, besides faces of men, the features 

 of the bear, wolf or dog, owl, (>agle or hawk, crow or raven, and 

 snake. Gr()t('s(|ue figures, coml)ining features of men and animals, 

 are rare, but fancy was likel}' to take almost any direction with these; 

 versatile potters. 



