236 A. T. SCHOFIELD, ESQ.^ M.D., E'JC, ON 



especial care at the outset to avoid those numerous vocks which 

 project from either bank, on which we might early suffer 

 shipwreck from the temptation to exceed our limitations. 



For instance, are the psychical and the physical the two 

 Cartesian clocks, abysmally apart, which, Avhen wound up, 

 nevertheless correspond tick for tick? Or shall Ave follow 

 Professor W. James Avhen he says,* " The simple and 

 radical conception daAvus upon the mind that mental 

 action may be uniformly and absolutely a function of 

 brain action, A^arying- as the latter A^aries, and being to 

 the brain action as effect to cause." 



"This conception" (he continues) "is the ' Avorking hypo- 

 thesis ' which underlies all the ' physiological psychology ' 

 of recent years." To adopt one theory is to be proclahned 

 a dualist, to adopt the other, a monist, and Ave Avould there- 

 fore avoid both, the more especially as neither contains the 

 Avhole, but each contains a part of the truth. 



For instance, the abysmal distance betAA^een mind and 

 matter is shoAvn in that Avhile " physical phenomena are 

 phenomena in space, psychical phenomena are phenomena 

 in time only,"t for it is a fundamental thought to grasp that 

 mind cannot haA'-e a "seat," as it has not any extension in 

 space, haAang uo relation Avitli it that Ave know of. It does 

 not cover a surface or till a A^olume. It is only related to 

 time. In this Ave folloAV, of course, the popular assumption 

 that time and space are essentially different, neglecting ci-r- 

 tain speculations as to time being affer all a spatial extension 

 (in a fourth dimension). The extent of the connection 

 betAveen mind and matter is still unknown, though it has 

 furnished moterial for discussion for centuries. 



Some like Professor Clifford make psychical action universal 

 in matter, others like Descartes limit it to man only, Avhile 

 8cho]ienliauer from a broader standpoint says, '• The mate- 

 riahsts endeavour to show that all mental phenomena are 

 physical and rightly so, only they do not see that on the 

 other hand every physical is at the same time metaphysical." 



Lest, hoAvever, Ave should become dogmatic on these 

 relations avc are reminded that the Avliole material universe 

 may be, after all, but an inference of miiul. and that matter 

 and mhul may not be two but one, the fornua- lieing in this 

 view a projection of the latter, I'ather than llie latter a 

 function of tlie former. 



Psychology, W. James, ]>. 0. t Iluman Mi>id, Jns. Sully. 



