240 A. T. SC'HOFIELU, ESQ., M.D., ETC., OX 



(). Knowledge of possession of power and use of it ;■ 

 subjection of the weak by the stronp,-. 



7. Judicial punishnient of disobedience or rebelHon. 



8. Forethought, real or apparent. 



9. Practice of agriculture, harvest and storage. 



10. Kespect for and interment of dead. 



11. Mourning in bereavement, or its resemblance. 



12. Funeral ceremonies, including processions. 



13. Use of natural tools, instruments, and weapons. 



14. Passions of rage and anger. 



15. Imagination and its derangement by hypnotism. 



Now hoAv far are these phenomena of instinct and how 

 far of intelligence ? 



We fear a solution that will meet all difficulties has yet to 

 be discovei'ed ; meanwhile we may accept the broad state- 

 ment that instinct is unconscious psychic action. "As in 

 human ideation," says Kirchener, " we find in instinct the 

 action, unconscious and yet purposive, whose consequence 

 is indeed much more certain that that of human ideation."* 



Leaving now these perplexing and yet unsolved problems 

 that surround the thieshold of our inquiry, let us pause for 

 one moment to consider the present position and aim of the 

 science known as psychology. 



Its definition, given by Professor Ladd and quoted by Pro- 

 fessor James,t is — the description and explanation of states 

 of consciousness as such. In this explanation it assumes as 

 true two peculiar data| : — -1. Thoughts and feelings, or what- 

 ever other names transitory states of consciousness may be 

 known by. 2. Knowledge, by these states of consciousness of 

 other things. 



Psychology is, however (until lately), so fettered and 

 bound by its arbitrary limitation to the discussion of states 

 of consciousness that it is thus described (or decried) by 

 James§: " Psychology is but a string of raw facts, a little 

 gossip and wrangle about opinions ; a little classification and 

 generalization on the mere descriptive level, a strong pre- 

 judice that we liave states of mind, and that our brain 

 conditions them ; but not a single law in the sense in which 

 physics shows us laws. At present psychology is in the^ 



* Psi/chology^ Kirchener, p. 138. 

 + Ps)/chologi/, W. James, p. 1 . 

 X find., p. 2. 

 ^5 Psi/chologij, W. James, p. 468, 



