THE SCOPE OF MIND. 245 



c'uvii'onineiit. This is so palpable a triitli that no serious 

 doubt concerning the same has ever gained or ever can gain 

 ground." The existence of the will is proved by knowledge 

 and experience. The consciousness of effort as well as 

 pin-pose in Avill when running counter to prompting sensa- 

 tions is strong proof (in spite of explanations) of its real 

 existence. Carpenter says,* " It is clear the will is dift'erent 

 from the general resultant of the automatic activities of the 

 mind ; for in the first place all alcoholic stimulants excite 

 the automatic activity of the mind while diminishing the 

 power of the will." No doubt, however, a large part of the 

 mind runs in grooves, Avhich though they may be unknown 

 and unfelt are none the less real. The lines of mental func- 

 tion are m many respects as definite as the lines of instinct 

 in bees or ants. 



The three great divisions of the mind generally laid down 

 by psychologists of feeling, knovvmg, and willing, first came 

 from Germany before the days of Kant. 



Professor Dunn traces the evolution of the three. '•' At 

 birth the nascent consciousness becomes aAvakened, purely 

 .sensational at first ; and emerges step by step from self- 

 consciousness to world consciousness, and through the idea- 

 tional and emotional up to the intellectual." 



This, however, practically traces the rise of our mind to 

 unconscious origins ; and indeed all willing, thinking, and 

 feeling are ultimately based on unconscious springs and 

 trains of thought and motion. Even when developed many 

 mental qualities seem partly or wholly unconscious. Let 

 us enumerate a few. Jntuition may be conscious or uncon- 

 scious. Perception is an example of conscious intuition. 

 General synihesis may be conscious or unconscious, some can 

 say why they think so and so, others cannot. 



Kant says, " Innumerable are the sensations of perception 

 of which we are not conscious, although we must un- 

 doubtedly conclude that we have some obscure ideas, as 

 they may be called (to be found in animals as well as in 

 man). The clear ideas indeed are but an infinitely small 

 fraction of these same exposed to consciousness. That only 

 <i few spots in the great chart of our minds are illuminated 

 may well fill us with amazement in contemplating this 

 nature of ours."t 



* Mental Physiologi/, Carpenter, 

 t Anthrojaologica, Kant, Sec. v. 



