THE SCOPE OP MIND. 247 



by presenting motives to react on the nnconscious ethical, 

 but whether this reaction follows, consciousness ninst calmly 

 Avait."* " Mystics in every country and age put faith only 

 in their unconscious knowleclge."t 



Our personality itself, the '■ ego," seems to have its origin 

 or source in the unconscious region. 



Professor Barrett (Dublin) says: — " It is to the existence 

 and vital faculty of this large area of our personality Avhich 

 is submerged below the level of consciousness, that 1 wish to 

 (h-aw attention, for psychologists are agreed that its range 

 must be extended to include something more than is covered 

 by our normal self-consciousness. What we call ' ourself ' is 

 a, something Avhich lies in the background of our conscious- 

 ness, enabling us to cond^ine the series of impressions made 

 upon us, or the states of feeling within us, into a continuous 

 personal identity.":|: 



We are now prepared by the brief survey of mind from 

 various sides and in its various developments to see that it 

 everywhere tends to burst the confining wall of conscious- 

 ness that has so long interposed as an iron barrier between 

 it and the vast psychical region without, which w^e desire to 

 see included under the one word "mind." Let us then in 

 the first phice see what can be said in favour of the limi- 

 tation of " mind " to consciousness, for to us the limitation is 

 so transparently artificial that it is well to know it is still 

 seri(uisly and stoutly maintained. Thus " Mind is to be 

 understood as the subject of the various internal phenomena 

 of which we are conscious. Consciousness is to the mind 

 what extension is to matter. We cannot conceive mind 

 without consciousness, or a body Avithout extension. "§ 



Positivism defines mind as (1) the sum of consciousness at 

 any instant in an individual; or (2) as the sum of the con- 

 sciousness during the life of an individual, consciousness 

 being not an attribute of mind, but mind itself. Again the 

 extreme statement "• All and only the phenomena that are 

 conscious are psychical. ''|| '' Wherever consciousness is impos- 

 sible, mental action is impossible."1[ Professor Brentano de- 

 clares there are no such things as unconscious psychical acts. 



* J^hifo.tnji/H/ of the Unconscious, E. von Hartman, vol. i, p. 265. 

 t Hereditu,'^ KVdhot, jj. 229. 



I Baiiett, ill tlie Humanitarian, 1895. 



v^ Lectures on Metaphysics, Sir W. Hamilton, ix. 



II Psycholocfij, Professor Ziehen, |>. 4. 



T Relation of Mind and Body, Professor Caltlerwood, )i. 209. 



