THE SCOPK OF MIND. 249 



wero forgutteii. »md hence came superficial explanations and 

 insufficient and incomplete views. 



"The nature of things cannot be violated with impunity. 

 Leibnitz alone in the 17th century saw the importance of 

 tliis. Less was not to be expected of the inventor of the 

 intinitesimal calculus. By his distinction between perception 

 (, conscious) and apperception (unconscious) he opened up a 

 road in which in our time most physiologists and psychologists 

 have somewhat tardily entered. There is no completed Avork 

 on the subject. Such a work would need to show that most it 

 not all tlie operations of the soul may be produced under a 

 twofold form ; that there are in us two parallel modes of 

 activity, the one coiiscious, and the other unconscious."* 



Turning now to those in favour of unccmscious psychical 

 action, we find that the fundamental importance for the 

 conscious of the unconscious psychical life, tiie thorough 

 dependence of the former on the latter is Avith Maudsley, 

 as Ave shall see, a firm conA'iction. Amongst others he cites 

 Hamilton, Carlyle, and L. V. F. Richter in support of it. 

 (t. H. Lewes sees consciousness everyAvhere even in the 

 reflexes of the spinal cord, Avhile Maudsley equally clearly, 

 but to our mind with far greater reason, sees unconscious- 

 ness everywhere. He says,t " Tt is a truth that cannot 

 be too distinctly borne in mind that consciousness is not 

 cooxtensiA^e Avith mind, that it is not minrl, but an inci- 

 dental accompaniment of mind." "'The Avhole business of 

 mental function as Avork might go on Avithout consciousness 

 just as the machinery of a clock might Avork Avithout a dial. 

 It is a necessary concomitant, not an energy at Avork in the 

 manufacture, of the mental organism. The misfortune is 

 that ordinary language assumes it to be a kind of superior 

 energy."! Again, "' Those Avho base psychology on the revela- 

 tions of consciousness caniiot but acknoAvledge that it is not 

 essential to mental being at every moment, nor at any 

 moment coextensive Avith the Avhole of it ; but that inentaJ 

 jxnvers exist habitually and CA'en act occasionally in the 

 absence of consciousness."§ A. Bain thinks that]) " Mind 

 must be itnderstood to cover the entire storage of mental 

 impressions (cA^en) Avhen absolutely inactive and exercising 



* Heredity, E. Ribot, p. 221. 



+ Mind and Body, Maudsley, ]>. 25. 



:'[ Dr. Maudsley in Mind, \'ol. xii, \>. TOIi. 



^ Ihid., vol. xii, p. 489. 



!| Professor A. Bain in Mind, New Series, vul. iii, p. 353. 



