■J.JZ A. T. SCHOFIELD, KMl., M.D., ETC., ON 



various kinds — wliiK' a mnltitiulc of" initial or intirmediate 

 nerve actions Avould have no claim to be included under tliis 

 categ'ory. For these and other reasons we feel ourselves 

 driven to the conclusion that the common notion as to 

 what should be included under the term mind is one -which 

 is altogether erroneous."* " If we are compelled to believe 

 that consciousness is not co-extensive with the sphere of 

 mind, in face of the now admitted fact concerning the frequent 

 interpolation of unconscious nerve actions as integral parts of 

 nu^ntal processes, only one course lies open to us. We must 

 widen the signification of the term ' mind ' itself. 



"This is no question of choice, but one of absolute necessity. 

 The meanhig of the word 'mind' must be considerably enlarged 

 so as to include ... as mental phenomena the functional 

 results of all nerve actions . . . whether these nerve actions 

 are accompanied by a recognized conscious phasis or no.'"t 

 "Let us enlarge our conception and definition of mind. Let 

 us o]3enly profess that which has already been tacitly implied 

 by many. Instead of supposing that mind and consciousness 

 are co-extensive, let us make mind include all unconscious 

 nerve actions. We must inevitably come to this, and the 

 <loctrine of unconscious cerebration (Carpenter) has served to 

 pave the way for it."+ 



The case for the enlargement of the scope of mind has 

 now been placed before our hearers, the writer having sought 

 all through to establish the various points by v(.)ices other 

 than his own, and it is for our readers to judge whether all 

 through the history of mind from its earliest dawn it is not 

 everywhere inse})arably connected with unconscious psychic 

 actions, and finally whether when speaking of the mind that 

 is in man it is not now high time definitely to include the 

 unconscious mental powers that we trust we have proved 

 to exist. 



It appears indeed to the writer that the conscious mind is 

 a very small part of the whole psychic force within. A coral 

 island in the South Pacific is a mere ring of rock in the 

 water of insignificant size to the sailor ; but to the biologist 

 or geologist it is the highest peak of a stupendous structure 

 tliat rises from the bottom of the ocean as a mountain miles 

 high. Comiiiciicing as it docs in the very smallest beginnings, 



* Brain as an (h'(/an of Mind, C. Bastian, ]>. ld(j. 



t Jhid., i>. 14S. 



J: H. C. BastijiM ill tin- ./ovrmd of MciiUd ^rieucc, vol. xv, y. ^>±2. 



