274 PROF. T. MCKENNY HUGHES, f.K.S., ON 



When Avo g'ct to Nortlieru Russia and the Baltic area the 

 brown or black-and-white sheeted breed, like poor Dutch 

 cattle, with small forward-curved horns, are what you sec 

 everywhere, with a few imported individuals of other classes 

 occurring- here and there among them. These are all breeds 

 which owe their characters to domestication, which have 

 always accompanied man, and which may be taken as evi- 

 dence in tracing his wanderings and principal trade routes. 

 In America also much may be learned from a study of the 

 cattle which have been brought over from Europe and of 

 the characters which seem to result from their return to feral 

 conditions. 



To return to the Volga. If we now travel on from 

 Tsaritsyn further north, passing by Samara and Kasan, we 

 find the true llussians beginning to prevail. 



These are square-featured men, with brown hair changing 

 to very light yellow at its ends. They form the mass of the 

 people all the way to Esthonia and Finland, where the purest 

 example of this race is represented. With them appear the 

 northern breed of cattle, which is never lost sight of again 

 as we travel along the Baltic Avestward to the British Isles. 

 There is a saying, '• Scratch a Ivussian and you find a 

 Tartar." As far as I went that Avas seldom true. Tlie 

 substratum of the population over the greater part of the 

 northern and western provinces of Russia was, as far as I 

 coidd learn, Finnish or mixed Finnish and Scandinavian. I 

 may remark in passing that if you did fiiul a Tartar Avhen 

 you scratched a Ivussian you would find a very good kind of 

 fellow. Some of the Tartar tribes furnish the most tvust- 

 wortliv domestic servants to St. Petersburg and ^Moscow. 



BaUic. 



We now Ihid ourselves on the shores of the nortliern 

 midland sea, and, as v/e saw a dark race being developed 

 around the Mediterranean, so round the Baltic we find a fair 

 people resulting from the mixture of Finns and Scandinavians 

 and North Germans. 



Here the type is entirely different from that of the Mediter- 

 ranean. The characters evolved out of this nortliern nn'xture 

 of races are — a very powerful frame, a fair complexion with 

 red or yellow or sandy hair, and blue or grey eyes. In the 

 stormy and often ice-bound iJaltic the struggle was chiefly 

 aigaiuot the forces of nature, which the hardy Norseman had 



