BULL. ;{o] 



NAUVASA NAVAHO 



41 



obtained from them bj^ the famisliiiig 

 Plymouth colonists in 1622. 



The following villages were ])roha])ly 

 Nauset: Aquetnet, Ashimuit, Cataunmt, 

 Coatuit, Cummaquid, Manamoyik, Man- 

 omet, JNIashpee, JNIattakeset, ^leeshawn, 

 Namskaket, Nauset, Nobseusset, Pamet, 

 Pawpoesit, Pisjiogutt, Poponesset, Pota- 

 nuniaquut, l^inonakanit, Satucket, Satuit, 

 Skauton, Succonesset, Waquoit, and Wees- 

 quobs. (.1. M. c. T. ) 



Cape Indians, — Hubliard (1(180) in Mass. Hist. Soc. 

 Coll., I'll s., V, 3:i. ISl.'i. Namset,— .kissel yii (1(17.5), 

 ibid., 3d s., in, 317, 1833 (misprint). Nasitt, — Hub- 

 bard (ICMO), ibid., -id s., V, 54, ISl.'i. Nauset.— 

 Mdurt ( 1(1L'2) quoted bv Drake, Bk. Ind.s., bk. 2, 29, 

 1848. Nausit.— Smith (1616) in Mass. Hist. Soe. 

 Coll., 3d s., VI, 119, 1S37. Nausites.— Mourt ( iri22), 

 ibid., 1st .s., vni, 226, 1S02. Nawsel.— Dermer 

 (1620), ibid., 4tli ,s., in, 97, ISfiO (misprint). Naw- 

 set— .Smith (1616), ibid., 3d s., vi, 108, 1837. 

 Nawsits.— Dee in Smith (1629), Va., ii, 225, repr. 

 1819. 



Nauvasa. The northernmost of the 

 Catawba towns formerly on Santee r., 

 S. Car.— Byrd (1728), " Hist. Dividing 

 Line, 181, 18(36. 



Nauwanatats ( Xau-iran^-d-talf:). A Pai- 

 ute band formerly living in or near Moapa 

 vallev, s. E. Nev. ; pop. 60 in 1873. — Pow- 

 ell in Ind. Aff. Rep. 1873, 50, 1874. 



Navaho (pron, Na'-vn-Jw, from Tewa 

 Navalii'i, the name referring to a large 

 area of cultivated lands; applied to a 

 former Tewa pueblo, and, by extension, 

 to the Navalio, known to the Spaniards 

 of the 17th century as Apaches de Navajo, 

 who intruded on the Tewa domain or who 

 lived in the vicinity, to distinguish them 

 from other "Apache" bands. — Hewettin 

 Am. Anthrop., VIII, 193, 1906. Fray Alonso 

 Benavides, in his Memorial of 1630, gives 

 the earliest translation of the tribal 

 name, in the form Nauajo, 'sementeras 

 grandes' — 'great seed-sowings', or 'great 

 fields'. The Navaho themi^elves do not 

 use this name, except when trying to 

 speak English. All do not know it, and 

 none of the older generation pronounce 

 it correctly, as r is a sound unknown in 

 their language. They call themselves 

 Z>iiK' ', which means simply ' people' . This 

 word, in various forms, is used as a tribal 

 name by nearly every people of the Atha- 

 pascan stock) . 



An important Athapascan tribe occu- 

 pying a reservation of 9,503,763 acres in 

 N. E. Arizona, n. w. New Mexico, and s. e. 

 Utah. Here they are supposed to re- 

 main, but many isolate<l famihes live be- 

 yond the reservation boundaries in all 

 directions. Their land has an average 

 elevation of alx)ut 6,000 ft aljove sea level. 

 The highest jxtint in it is Pastora peak, 

 in the Carrizo nits., 9,420 ft high. It is 

 an arid region and not well adapted 

 to agriculture, but it affords fair pastur- 

 age. For this reason the Navaho have 

 devoted tlieir attention less to agriculture 

 than to stock raising. There were for- 



merly few places on the reservation, away 

 from the borders of the Rio San Juan, 

 where the soil could be irrigated, but there 

 were many sjxjts, apparently desert, where 

 water gathei'ed close to the surface and 

 where by decjj })lanting cro])S of corn, 

 beans, sijuashi'S, and melons were raised. 

 Within the last few years the Ciovern- 

 inent has built storage reservoirs on the 

 reservation and increased the facilities 

 for irrigation. 



It may be that under the loosely applied 

 name Apache there is a record of the 

 Navaho by Ofiate as early as 1598, Init 

 the first to mention tiiem by name was 

 Zarate-Salmeron, about 1629. They had 

 Christian missionaries among them in 

 the middle of the 18th century (see Cc- 

 bolleta, FMcinal), but their teachings did 

 not prevail against paganism. For many 

 years previous to the occupancy of tlieir 

 country by the United States they kept 

 up an almost constant predatory war 

 with the Pueblos and the wliite settlers 

 of New JNIexico, in which they were usu- 

 ally the victors. When theUnited States 

 took possession of New Mexico in 1849 

 these depredations were at their height. 

 The first military exi)edition into their 

 country was that of Col. Alex. W. Doni- 

 phan, of the First Missouri Volunteers, in 

 the fall of 1846. On behalf of tlie United 

 States, Doniphan made the first treaty of 

 peace with the Navaho Nov. 22 of that 

 year, but the i)eat'e was not lasting. In 

 1849, another military force, under the 

 command of Col. John "SI. Washington, 

 penetrated the Navaho land as far as 

 CheWy canyon, and made another treaty 

 of peace on Sept. 9, but this treaty was also 

 soon broken. To putastop to their wars. 

 Col. "Kit" Carscm invaded their territory 

 in 1863, killed so many of their sheeiJ as 

 to leave them M'ithout means of su{)port, 

 and took the greater ^^art of the tribe 

 ])risoners to Ft Sumner at the Bosque 

 Redondo on the Rio Pecos, N. INlex. 

 Here they were kept in captivity until 

 1867, when they were restored to their 

 original country and given a new supply 

 of sheep. Since that time they ha\e re- 

 mained at peace and greatly prospered. 



There is no doul)t that the Navaho 

 have increased in number since they first 

 became known to the United States, and 

 are still increasing. In 1867, while they 

 were still prisoners and could be counted 

 accurately, 7,300 of them were held in 

 captivity at one time; but, owing to es- 

 capes and additional surrenders, the mun- 

 ber varied. All were not captured by 

 Carson. Perhaps the most accurate cen- 

 sus was taken in 1869, when the (jovern- 

 ment calle<l them to receive a gift of 

 30,000 sheep and 2,000 goats. The Indians 

 were put in a large corral and counted as 

 they went in; only a few herders were 



