52 



NEGRO AND INDIAN 



[b. a. e. 



were frightened, surmising that "he was 

 Abamacho, or the devil." Nevertheless, 

 intermixture of Indians and negroes has 

 occurred in New England. About the 

 middle of the 18th century the Indians of 

 Marthas Vineyard began to intermarry 

 with negroes, the result being that "the 

 mixed race increased in numbers and im- 

 proved in temperance and industry." A 

 like intermixture with similar results is 

 reported about the same time from parts 

 of C. Cod. Among the INIashpee in 1802 

 very few pure Indians were lett, there be- 

 ing a number of mulattoes ( Mas^s. Hist. 

 Soc. Coll., I, 20(3; iv, 206; ibid., 2ds., iii, 

 4; cf. Prince in Am. Anthrop., ix, no. 

 3, 1907). Robert Rantoul in 1833 ( Hist. 

 Coll. Essex Inst., xxiv, 81) states that 

 "the Indians are said to be improved by 

 the mixture." In 1890, W. H. Clark 

 (Johns Hopk. Univ. Circ, x, no. 8-4, 28) 

 says of the Gay Head Indians: ' 'Although 

 one observes much that betokens the 

 Indian type, the admixture of negro and 

 white blood has materially changed 

 them." The deportation of the Pequot 

 to the Bermudas after the defeat of 1638 

 may have led to admixture there. The 

 Pequot of Grot on, Conn., who in 1832 

 numbered but 40, were reported as con- 

 siderably mixed ^vith white and negro 

 blood, and the condition of the few rep- 

 resentatives of the Paugusset of Milford 

 in 1849 was about the same (De For- 

 est, Hist. Inds. Conn., 356, 1853). Of 

 the Indians in Ledyard we read (ibid., 

 445) : "None of the pure Pequot race are 

 left, all being mixed with Indians of 

 other tribes or with whites and negroes." 

 Long Island presents anotlier point of 

 Indian-negro admixture. Of the Shinne- 

 cock on the s. shore, Gatschetin 1889 ( Am. 

 Antiq., xi, 390, 1889) observes: "There 

 are 150 individuals now going under this 

 name, but they are nearly all mixed with 

 negro blood, dating from the times of 

 slavery in the Nortliern states." Still 

 later M. R. Harrington (Jour. Am. 

 Folk-lore, xvi, 37, 1903) notes the occur- 

 rence in many individuals of both Indian 

 and negro somatic characters. These 

 Shinnecock evidently have not been so 

 completely Africanized as some authori- 

 ties believe. The remnant of the Mon- 

 tauk in East Hampton are reported by 

 W. W. Tooker (Ind. Place-names, iv, 

 1889) to he mixed with negroes, though 

 still recognizable by their aboriginal fea- 

 tures. The region of Chesapeake bay 

 furnishes evidences of Indian-negro inter- 

 mixture. The fact, pointed out bv Brin- 

 ton (Am. Antiq., ix, 352, 1887), that the 

 list of the numerals 1-10 given as Nanti- 

 coke in a manuscript of Pyrlfeus, the 

 missionary to the Mohawk, dating from 

 1780, is really Mandingo or a closely 

 related African language, indicates con- 



tact or intermixture. Of the Pamunkey 

 and Mattapony of Virginia, Col. Aylett 

 (Rep. Ind., U. S. Census 1890, 602) states 

 that there has been a considerable mix- 

 ture of white and negro blood, principally 

 the former. Traces of Indian blood are 

 noticeable, according to G. A. Townsend 

 (Scribner's Mag., no. 72, 518, 1871), in 

 many of the freeborn negroes of the e. 

 shore of Marvland. According to Mooney 

 (Am. Anthrop., in, 132, 1890), "there 

 is not now a native full-blood Indian 

 speaking his own language from Dela- 

 ware bay to Pamlico sound," those who 

 claim to be Indians having much negro 

 blood. We find not only Indian-negro 

 intermixture, but also the practice of 

 negro slavery among the Indians of the 

 s. Atlantic and Gulf states. The Melun- 

 geons of Hancock co., Tenn., but form- 

 erly resident in North Carolina, are said 

 to be "a mixture of white, Indian, and 

 negro" (Am. Anthrop., ii, 347, 1889). 

 The so-called Croatan (q. v.) of North 

 Carolina and Redbones of South Carolina 

 seem to be of the same mixture. The 

 holding of negro slaves by the tribes of 

 the Carolinas led to considerable inter- 

 marriage. There has been much negro 

 admixture among the Seminole from an 

 early i»eriod, although the remnant still 

 living in Florida is of comparatively pure 

 Indian blood. Of the other Indians of 

 Muskhogean stock the Creeks seem to have 

 most miscegenation, fully one-third of the 

 tribe having perceptible negro admixture. 

 In the time of De Soto a "queen" of 

 the Yuchi ran away with one of his 

 negro slaves. Estevanico, the famous 

 companion of Calieza de Vaca, the ex- 

 plorer, in 1 528-36, was a negro, and the im- 

 portance of negro companions of Spanish 

 explorers has been discussed by Wright 

 (Am. Anthrop., iv, 217-28, 1902). Of 

 Algonquian peoples the Shawnee, and 

 the Chippewa of Minnesota, etc., furnish 

 some cases of Indian-negro intermar- 

 riage — the fatliers negro, the mothers 

 Indian. The Canadian Tuscarora of the 

 Irotjuoian stock are said to have some 

 little negro blood among them, and Grin- 

 nell reports a few persons of evident negro 

 blood among the Piegan and Kainah. 

 Some of the Indian tribes of the plains 

 and the far W. have taken a dislike to the 

 negro, and he often figures to disadvantage 

 in their myths and legends. Marcy, in 

 1853, reports this of the Comanche, and 

 in 1891 the present writer found it true 

 to a certain extent of the Kutenai of 

 s. E. British Columbia. Nevertheless, 

 a few cases of intermarriage are reported 

 from this region. The Caddo, former 

 residents of Louisiana and e. Texas, ap- 

 pear to have much negro blood, and on 

 the other hand it is probable that many 

 of the negroes of the whole lower Atlantic 



