64 



NEWASTARTON NEWCHEMASS 



[b. a. e. 



latter point of the octagon a walled ave- 

 nue, now almost obliterated, extended 

 directly s. 2 m. or more. From near the 

 E. corner of the octagon two avenues ex- 

 tend eastward with a low wall on each side, 

 one connecting with the square of theeast- 

 ern group, the other running directly east- 

 ward to the descent to the lowland x. of 

 the square. Along these avenues, at one 

 or two points, are small circles. The east- 

 ern group consists of a large circle con- 

 nected with a s<iuare by a broad avenue 

 antl several adjoining lines of walls. The 

 circle of the western group, which is the 

 westernmost structure of the entire works, 

 is still distinct, being 3 ft high at the 

 lowest point, and averaging 4 to 5 ft, 

 apart from an enlargement on the s. w. 

 side, where for about 170 ft it rises to the 

 height of 14 ft. This enlargement has 

 been called the "observatory," while 

 the circle has been named "the observa- 

 tory circle." At the n. e. side, directly 

 opposite this observatory, is a gateway 

 leading into an avenue 800 ft long and 

 80ftw-ide, which 

 terminates in 

 one of the gate- 

 wavs of the oc- 

 tagon. The lat- 

 ter, which is 

 symmetrical, 

 has a gateway 

 at each of the 

 8 corners, oppo- 

 site which, 60 ft 

 w i t h i n , is a 

 suiall m o u n d 

 V a r >• i n g in 

 height from 3 to 

 (? ft. The mean 

 diameter of the 

 circle, measured from the middle line of 

 the wall, is 1,054 ft. The circumference, 

 measured along the middle of the wall, 

 deviates at no i)oiut more than 5 ft from 

 a true circle. The area, including the 

 inner half of the wall, is 20 acres; that of 

 the level interior, 18.6 acres. The parts 

 ami angles of the octagon are quite sym- 

 metrical. The length of the walls between 

 the centers of the gates averages 621 ft, 

 from which the greatest variation is only 4 

 ft, excel )t in one wall that fallsSft short of 

 the average. The opposite angles do not 

 vary from oneanother\nore than 2 degrees 

 in any instance, and the opposite sides do 

 not vary from the same direction inore 

 than 2 degrees. The large circle of the 

 eastern group embraces within its circuit 

 the fair grounds of the Licking County 

 Agricultural Society. The wall, in this in- 

 stance, is accomi)anied with an inside 

 ditch, varying in width from 28 to 40 ft 

 and in depth from 8 to 13 ft. The width 

 of tiie wall at the liase is from 35 to 55 ft 

 and its height from 5 to 14 ft. There 



EMBANKMENT WITH INTERIOR MOAT, NEWARK WORKS 



is one gateway at the n. e. with flanking 

 extensions of the wall into the avenue 

 leading to the square. The scjuare of 

 the eastern group is partially obliterated, 

 yet most of the walls could be distinctly 

 traced in 1888, when the survey on be- 

 half of the Bureau of American Ethnol- 

 ogy was made. From this survey it is 

 learned that the sides varied in length 

 from 926 to 951 ft and that the angles at 

 the corners did not in any instance vary 

 from a right angle more than 1 degree. 

 There are now no indications of the inner 

 mounds of the square observed by Whit- 

 tlesey; but the three-pointed mound in 

 the center of the fair-grounds circle is 

 still visible. There were also, at the 

 time of Whittlesey's survey, 4 or 5 cir- 

 cles that were smaller than those al)ove 

 described. The two or three of these 

 that remain vary from 125 to 200 ft in 

 diameter and have an inside ditch and a 

 semicircular earthen platform on one 

 side. There were also in Whittlesey's 

 time several still smaller circles, which 

 may have been 

 lodge sites. The 

 avenues, except 

 the one con- 

 nected with the 

 fair-grounds cir- 

 cle, which was 

 wider, were gen- 

 erally about 200 

 ft wide. Their 

 walls at present 

 do not exceed 

 at any point 2 

 ft in height, and 

 in many i)lacea 

 are almost ob- 

 literated. 



Consult Harris, Tour to N. W. Ter., 

 1805; Trans. Am. Antiq. 8oc., i, 1820; 

 Smucker in Am. Antiq., in, 261-267, 1881; 

 Thomas, ( 1 ) Circular, Square, and Octag- 

 onal Earthworks, Bull. B. A. E., 1894, 

 (2) Mound Explorations, 12th Rep. B. 

 A. E., 458-46S, 1891. See, also, for list of 

 references, Thomas, Cat. Prehist. Works, 

 Bull. B. A. E., 178, 1891. (c. t.) 



Newastarton (?'big waters town'). A 

 Dakota tribe, according to Clark, which 

 roved on the Mississippi above the St 

 Peter's (Minnesota r.), in the present 

 Minnesota. Probably the Mdewakanton. 

 Newastarton.— Lewis and Clark Exped., Coues 

 od., I, lUl, note. 1893. Ne Was tar ton.— Orig. 

 Jour. Lewis and Clark, i, 133, 1904. 



Newcastle Townsite. The local name 

 for a l)odv of Salish of Cowichan agency, 

 Brit. Col.' Pop. 26 in 1896, the last time 

 the name occurs. 



Newcastle Toronsite.— Can. Ind. Aff. Rei'. 1891, 

 250, 1M9- (misprint). Newcastle Townsite. — Ibid., 

 133! 1S96. 



Newchemass. An unidentified tribe 

 mentioned by Jewitt (Narr., 77, repr. 



