BULL. 30] 



NUESTRA SENOKA DE LA SOLED AD 



93 



the center of the city of San Antonio. 

 According to the surviving book of mar- 

 riage records, it was founded INIay 5, 173L 

 The site selected was that which formerly 

 had been assigned to the Ervipiame mis- 

 sion of San Xavier de Naxera (q. v.). 

 The pueblo was called Acuna, and of it 

 the Pajalat chief was made the first gov- 

 ernor (Testimonio tie Asiento de Misiones, 

 1730-31, MS.). The mission now some- 

 times took the name Nuestra Sefiora de 

 la Puri'sima Concepcion de Acuna. 



The tribes served by it were in the main 

 of the Coahuiltecan stock. Their lan- 

 guage is preserved in the Manual of Bar- 

 toiome (iarcia (1760), who was stationed 

 at the neighboring mission of San Fran- 

 cisi'o de la Espada. The first marriage 

 recorded was that of "Joseph Flores, of 

 the Patumaco nation, present governor of 

 this pueblo, and chief of the Pajalates, 

 Siguipiles, Tilpacopales, and others." 

 The marriage records show that about 30 

 so-called tribes (naciones) were repre- 

 sented at this mission before 1790. They 

 are here given, with the date of the first 

 appearance of each new name or group of 

 names following: Pajalat, Si(|uipil, Til- 

 pacojial, Patumaco, Pachalaque, Patalca, 

 Tiloja, Xarame (1733); Pamache ( Pama- 

 que?), Cujan (1734); Pacaba (Pacoa? 

 1735); Guapica (Guapite?), Pausana 

 1738); Payaya (1739); Pastia (1741); 

 Pacao, Tackme; Orejon (1742); Chayopin 

 (1745); Yenado (1746); Apache (1747); 

 Lipan (1751); Sanipao (1755); Piguiqui, 

 Manos de Perro (1756); Yojuan (1758); 

 Pajalache (Pajalat? 1759); Malaquita 

 (1764); Borrado, Copane (1767); Coman- 

 che ( 1770) ; Pamaque (1775). Of these 

 the Pajalates, Orejones, Pacaos, Pacoas, 

 Pausanas, Tacames, Yenados, Pamaques, 

 Pihuitjues, Born«U)S, Sanipaos, and Ma- 

 nos <le Perro are named in Garcia's Man- 

 ual as among those speaking Coahuilte- 

 can, and several others are known to 

 have been likewise Coahuiltecans. It is 

 possible that two or three pairs of the 

 names given above are those of identical 

 tribes. It is also to be noted that the 

 Apache and the Yojuane in most cases 

 were captives, while the Pacoa and Chay- 

 opin in the list represent neophytes of 

 neighboring missions who intermarried 

 with the neophytes of Concepcion (Libro 

 de Casamientos, MS. in the custody of 

 the Bishop of San Antonio). 



By Feb. 20, 1740, 250 neophytes had 

 been baptized; but at this date only 120 

 remained, of whom all but 6 were un- 

 baptized. The explanation is that in the 

 latter part of 1739 a severe epidemic had 

 ravaged all the missions, immediately 

 after which a fresh supply of gentiles 

 was brought in (Descripcion de Mi- 

 siones, Feb. 20, 1740, MS. in Mem. de 

 Nueva Espana, xxviii, 203). By Mar. 6, 



1762, there had been 792 baptisms and 

 558 burials — a commentary on mortality 

 at the missions. At this time there were 

 207 persons remaining, largely Pajalates, 

 Tacames, and Sanipaos. There were now 

 a substantial church, apparently the one 

 still standing, a sacristy, cloisters, a work- 

 room where neophytes made cotton fab- 

 rics, and a blacksmith shop. The Indian 

 pueblo near by consisted of two rows of 

 stone huts and jacales, surrounded by a 

 wall. The fields were irrigated by means 

 of an acequia leading from a reservoir. 

 On the ranch were 200 mares, 110 horses, 

 610 cattle, and 2,200 sheep and goats 

 (Ynforme de Misiones, Mar. 6, 1762, 

 MS. in Mem. de Nueva Espana, xxviii, 

 168-169). The acequia, known as the 

 " Pajalache or Concepcion ditch," is said 

 to have been in use until 1869 (Corner, 

 San Antonio de Bexar, 43, 1890). 



Late in 1772 or early in 1773 the Quere- 

 taran friars transferred the mission to the 

 Zacatecans, as was true also of the neigh- 

 boring missions (Libro de Casamientos, 

 MS. , first entry for 1773 ) . But the active 

 period of the mission was now past, and 

 the subsequent history was that of de- 

 cline. Neophytes were difficult to get, 

 government support was withdrawn, and 

 the citizens of San Fernando encroached 

 upon the mission lands. In 1794 the 

 mission was secularized. By 1790 the 

 total number of marriages had reached 

 249, of which 210 had been contracted 

 before 1770 (Libro de Casamientos). The 

 mission church and vivienda are still 

 fairly well preserved. (n. e. b.) 



Nuestra Senora de la Soledad. The thir- 

 teenth Franciscan mission founded in 

 California. Father Lasuen himself had 

 explored the region, already known to 

 the Spanish as Soledad, and per.«onally 

 selected the site, which was situated in 

 the Salinas valley, about 4 m. from the 

 present town of Soledad, Monterey co. 

 The native name was Chuttusgelis. 

 Some shelters were erected bj' neophj'tes 

 from San Carlos, and on Oct. 9, 1791, the 

 mission of Nuestra Seiiora de la Soledad 

 was formally established. A few natives 

 witnessed the cereuiony. By the end of 

 the year there were 12 converts, and 493 

 by 1800. In 1797 they had completed an 

 adobe church with straw roof. The great- 

 est number of neophvtes, 727, wasreached 

 in 1805. In 1810 there were 600, in 1820 

 435, and about 300 in 1834. The total 

 number of natives baptized was 3,096, of 

 whom 1,306 were children. The total 

 deaths were 2,502, of whom 1,137 were 

 children. The mission was successful in 

 its agricultural operations and well sup- 

 plied with stock. In 1810 it had nearlv 

 3,000 cattle, 286 horses, and 8,000 sheep, 

 with an average crop for the last decade 

 of 3,660 bushels. By 1820 the livestock 



